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IfVIAS 

GRAA/IMAR  OF  THE  ARAMAIC 
IDIOM  CONTAINED  IN  THE 
BABYLONIAN  TALMUD 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 
LOS  ANGELES 


j^-/y.  <^^- 


A  GRAMMAR 


OF   THE 


ARAMAIC    IDIOM 


CONTAINED    IN    THE 


BABYLONIAN  TALMUD 


WITH  CONSTANT  REFERENCE.  TO 
GAONIC  LITERATURE 


BY 
C.   LEVIAS 


PART    L 


CINCINNATI 
?rbe  JSlocb  Iput>li0bing  anO  printing  Compans 

1896 


[Reprinted    f 


ANGUAGES     AND 


The  Library 
University  of  California,  Los  Angeles 


The  gift  of  Mrs.  Cummings,  1 963 


A  GRAMMAR 


OF   THE 


ARAMAIC    IDIOM 


CONTAINED    IN    THE 


BABYLONIAN  TALMUD 


WITH  CONSTANT  REFERENCE  TO 
GAONIC  LITERATURE 


BY 
C.   LEVIAS 


CINCINNATI 
^be  JSlocb  ipublisbing  anO  Iprintmo  Company 

1896 


TO 

THE  REV.  DR.  ISAAC  M.  WISE 

THE  VENERABLE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE 

HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE 

CINCINNATI,  0. 

RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED  BY  THE 

AUTHOR. 


1^1 


PREFACE. 


The  literature  on  the  grammar  of  the  idiom  of  the  Babylo- 
nian Talmud  is  very  scanty.  There  are  only  four  works  which 
require  mention.'  S.  D.  Luzzatto  published  in  1865  a  short  sketch 
of  the  Talmudic  idiom  intended  as  a  handbook  for  his  students.* 
This  excellent  little  work,  though  not  quite  satisfactory  when 
judged  by  our  present  standards,  will  always  retain  a  certain 
value  to  the  student  of  our  subject,  as  the  chief  linguistic  phe- 
nomena were  noticed  and,  on  the  whole,  correctly  explained  by 
the  author.  In  1879  Dr.  G.  Euelph  published  his  inaugural  dis- 
sertation, Zur  Lautlehre  der  aramaeisch  talmudischen  Dialekte. 
I.  Die  Kehllcmte,  in  which  the  author  discusses  the  comparative 
treatments  of  the  gutturals  in  both  Talmudim.  This  work  is  a 
valuable  contribution  to  Talmudic  phonetics,  and  it  is  to  be 
regretted  that  the  author  has  not  continued  the  subject.  In 
1888  Dr.  A.  Rosenberg  published  a  dissertation.  Das  aramaeische 
Verhum  im  hahylonischen  Talmud,  which  is  a  good,  though  not 
exhaustive,  exposition  of  the  verbal  forms  in  the  Talmud.  Lastly, 
in  1895  Dr.  Liebermann  published  his  inaugural  thesis:  Das 
Pronomen  und  das  Adverhium  des  hahyloniscli- talmudischen 
Dialektes,  a  work  incomplete  and  a  mere  compilation.  Besides 
the  above  works,  Noeldeke's  excellent  Mandaic  grammar,  although 
not  bearing  directly  upon  our  subject,  contains  many  valuable 
references  to  the  Babylonian  Talmud,  and  has  been  of  great  help 
to  the  present  author. 

I  also  made  use  of  the  Talmud  MSS.  in  possession  of  Columbia 
College,  containing  the  treatises  nb"2  ,  "tip  TJT2  ,  D"r;~7  ,  D'HCS 
and  Alfasi's  compendium  of  fl'^^J, ,    These  MSS.  have  some  words 

'  Cf.  also  J.  Levy,  "  Notes  de  grammaire  Jnd6o-Babylonienne,"  REJ.,  I.,  2r2-221 ;  and 
M.  Lowin,  Ai-amdische  SpruchwOrter  und  Volksspriiche ,  pp.  24-28. 

'^Elementi  grammnt.  del  Caldeo-Biblico  e  del  dial.  Talm.  Babilonese,  Padua,  1865. 
Genu,  translation  by  M.  S.  Krueger,  Breslau,  1873;  Engl,  translation  by  J.  S.  Goldammer, 
New  York,  18(37  ;  Hebrew  translation  of  the  second  part  by  Ch.  Z.  Lorner,  St.  Petersburg,  1880. 

V 


31€8^'^S6 


Vi  PREFACE 

vocalized.  Whenever  that  vocalization  is  referred  to,  this  is 
expressly  stated. 

The  author  has  adopted  the  use  of  the  vowel-signs  in  order  to 
secure  a  greater  degree  of  clearness  and  exactness  in  exposition 
than  would  otherwise  have  been  possible.  This,  however,  does 
not  imply  any  claim  to  having  succeeded  in  restoring  the  original 
vocalization. 

Some  valuable  suggestions  embodied  in  this  work  I  owe  to 
my  esteemed  teacher,  Dr.  Paul  Haupt,  Professor  of  Semitic  lan- 
guages in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Babylonian  Talmud  is  written  partly  in  Hebrew  and 
partly  in  Aramaic.  The  latter  is  a  dialect  of  upper  Babylonia, 
still  spoken  in  the  eleventh  century,'  and  is  closely  akin  to  the 
Mandaic.^  We  find  no  special  name  for  this  dialect,  it  being 
generally  spoken  of  as  D^'-'^lSl  or  "'"^"iN;  "p'jjb  ,  an  appellation  used 
also  for  other  Aramaic  dialects.^ 

The  Babylonian  Talmud,  or,  more  precisely,  the  Babylonian 
Gemara,  was  committed  to  writing  about  500  A.  D.,  but  did  not 
receive  its  final  shape  before  the  close  of  the  eighth  century.  It 
is  a  compilation  of  literary  productions  extending,  in  the  main, 
over  a  period  of  nearly  three  centuries  (200-500).  Earlier 
elements  are  found  in  the  formulae  of  legal  documents,  in  extracts 
from  Meghillath  Taantth  and  from  encyclicals  of  the  patriarch  R. 
Gamliel  II.     All  these  belong  to  the  Palestinean  Aramaic,  and 

1  Cf.  C.  Levias,  AJP.,  XVI.,  p.  35,  note  4;  in  reprint,  p.  8,  note  4. 

2Noeldeke,  MG.,  xxvi,  sq, 

3 For  other  names  of  Judaeo-Aramaic,  r/.  Dalman,  GJPA.,lsq.  and  p.  340.     Jephoth 

ben  Ali  in  his  commentary  on  Daniel  calls  Aramaic   &A*wsLftJI    &Ju  ,  which  is  probably  a 

mistake  for  XAawJvA'M  XXJ  tlio  language  of  the  Pharisees.   His  compiler  in  the  THjyn  'D 

renders  it  by  D'1231  TITCb  •  Vide  D.  S.  Margoliouth's  note  on  p.  7  of  his  edition  of  said 
commentary  (Anecdota  Oxonierisia,  Semitic  Series,  I.).  R.  Qomah  GaOn  in  his  answer 
with  reference  to  EUdad,  quoted  by  Epstein  in  his  edition  of  Ehlad  ha-Dani,  p.  7,  says : 

c:"iirb  bxniu^  px  ^:m  rr'-ans  -jTobn  nmx  •j-'om^  bnn  ■'isrso  iTabra  5?bx 

Dirnn  "JllCb ;  ef.  Epstein's  note,  ibid,  p.  20.  Maimonides  in  his  Dalalat  al-ha''irin  (I.,  ch. 
74)  quotes  the  Talmudic  proverb  "J''"13J  XDliT  "^^13?  as  used  ^mL}*.-***^'    (\^,  which  is 

rendered  by  Falaquera  (mTan  nilTQ  P-  64)  by  D1^"inn  "^bjl  b^IS.  DunaS,  in  his 
m^ltCri  ed.  Schroeter,  calls  also  the  Aramaic  of  the  Targumim  "i^TDD  "JTOb .  whUe 
Parchon  calls  also  Bibl.  Aramaic  DlS'in  •  The  author  of  DiTOn  "120  calls  Bibl.  Aramaic 
now  01:1-1:1  (rad.  xb'Q,  nb'D,  "inO).  now  I'Q-lX  •^^tab  (rad.  n^Q),  now  i;fi<l-11D  ^MOb 
(rad.  "^in  1  nSD)  or  '^S'^imO  '5  (rad.  173i)-  An  anonymous  writer  in  Arabic  calls  our 
dialect  fT'tlDS  Nabateayi  {cf.  Geiger's  Jiid.  Zeitschr.,  VI.,  69).  E.  Levita  in  his  preface  to 
liis  'j'533TlP'53  classes  the  Aramaic  of  the  Bible,  of  the  Targum  Onkelos,  of  pseudo- 
Jonathan  and  of  the  Talmud  Babli  as  b'2'2  lltOb  as  opposed  to  the  "'TobtJ'TI^  ITOb  of  the 
Targum  Jerushalmi  and  the  Talmud  Jerushalmi. 

1 


Z  INTBODUCTION 

are  cited  in  this  work  under  the  designation  legal  style.  To  an 
older  stage  of  language  belong  also  magical  formulae,  exorcisms 
and  some  proverbs.  To  a  later  period  belong  minor  additions  of 
the  Saboraim  and  Geonim/ 

As  might  have  been  expected  from  the  compilatory  nature  of 
the  Talmud,  its  language  is  not  uniform,  but  shows  traces  of 
various  stages  of  development.  Originally,  the  dialectical  and 
chronological  variations  must  have  been  quite  marked.  But  in 
course  of  time  these  differences  were  smoothed  down  by  later 
scholars,  familiar  forms  and  expressions  being  substituted  for 
rare  ones,  and  dialectical  characteristics  have  thus  largely  been 
obliterated. 

Traces  of  a  more  original  character  have  been  preserved  in  a 
few  treatises  containing  laws  of  no  practical  application  after  the 
destruction  of  the  Temple.  Such  treatises  were  not  frequently 
studied  in  the  schools  and  therefore  were  not  subjected  to  the  pro- 
cess of  obliteration  as  much  as  other  parts  of  the  Talmud.  Here 
belong,  among  others,  Tamid,  Me'ila,  Temura,  Nedarim  and  Nazir, 
especially  the  two  last  mentioned  treatises.  They  are  marked  by 
older  forms  of  the  possessive  suffixes  "pl3~,  'j1j"'~5  "pH"",  'prT^-,  for 
^'D~,  ^S"]7,  ^n~,  ^n*]" ;  by  the  demonstratives  "pHIl ,  iXltl ,  'pbH  and 
the  personal  pronouns  ripi<  and  "^2i<  ;  by  the  forms  D3''|1'32 ,  i^lnrnp^^ , 
■'b'^'n  ,  for  the  usual  '^'^'''2  ,  ^T\r\i<  ,  ''T'^  ;  by  the  more  frequent  use 
of  ri"^  and  such  expressions  as  ''>*^^n  for  ^pTl  the  question  remains 
undecided,  ^'ZT)^  or  "inn  ^^^-^^^  ^irriSi  for  1Tiy6  ^5^  "(Xp  who  spoke 
of  it  ? !  n^U^"'  well,  'b'A''  or  ^bi^l  proper.  I  am  also  under  the 
impression  that  the  nota  dativi  U^bSl^j ,  so  common  in  other 
treatises,  is  wanting  in  Ned.  and  Nazlr. 

In  some  places  dialectical  expressions  are  specially  mentioned 
as  such  in  the  Talmud.  A  collection  of  such  expressions  has  been 
made  by  Adolph  Bruell  in  his  Fremdsprachliche  Redensarten  und 
ausdriicklich  als  fremdsprachlich  hezeichnete  Worier  in  den  Tal- 
muden  und  Midraschim.     Leipzig,  1869. 

1  For  editions  of  the  Talmud  cf.  Rabbinovicz,  TTQbnn  PCBin  bj  "I'QS'a  in  Vol. 
VIII.  of  his  Variae  Lectiones.  Literary  and  mothodolofrical  introchictionshave  been  written 
by  H.  L.  Strack,  Einleitung  in  den  Talmud.  2d  ed.,  1894,  and  M.  Mielziner,  Introduction  to 
the  Talmud,  Cincinnati,  1894.  Tlio  last  mentioned  work  is  indispensable  to  a  proper  under- 
standing of  Talmudical  discussions. 


INTRODUCTION  6 

The  lexicography  of  the  Talmud  has  been  treated  of  late  by 
J.  Levy  in  his  Neuhebrdisches  und  chalddisches  Worterhiich, 
Leipzig,  1876-1889;  by  A.  Kohut  in  his  Aruch  Completum,  Vols. 
I -VIII.,  Vienna,  1878-1892,  Supplement  to  Aruch  Completum, 
New  York,  1892;  and  by  M.  Jastrow  in  his  Dictionary  of  the  Tar- 
gumim,  the  Talmud  Bahli  and  Yerushalmi,  and  the  Midrashic 
Literature,  London  and  New  York,  1886,  sq.  (still  unfinished). 

The  text  of  the  Talmud  is  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  condition 
and  a  critical  edition  of  it  is  much  to  be  desired.  An  invaluable 
contribution  to  textual  criticism  is  R.  Rabbinovicz's  great,  though 
unfinished  work,  Variae  Lectiones  in  Mischnam  et  in  Talmud 
Bahulonicum,  Vols.  I.-XV.,  Munich,  1867-1886. 

A  critical  edition  of  the  Talmud  is  not  to  be  expected  in  the 
near  future.  The  preliminary  work  required  for  such  an  under- 
taking—  the  completion  of  the  work  begun  by  the  late  Rab- 
binovicz,  and  critical  editions  of  the  early  commentators  and 
epitomizers  —  will  require  some  time.  For  the  present,  the  edi- 
tion of  single  treatises  in  a  handy  form  and  esthetic  garb,  with 
such  critical  exactness  as  is  at  present  attainable,  is  very  much  to 
be  desired.  Specimens  of  such  editions  have  been  given  by  Mr. 
M.  Friedman^  and  Professor  H.  L.  Strack.^ 

It  is  also  to  be  hoped  that  the  various  languages  and  dialects 
contained  in  post-biblical  Jewish  literature  be  also  separately 
treated  lexicographically. 

The  language,  as  it  has  come  down  to  us,  was  in  the  main  the 
spoken  language  of  the  time.  This  is  evident  from  the  numerous 
proverbs  and  other  haggadic  elements  recorded  in  the  Talmud. 
But  the  scholastic  terminology  is  essentially  an  artificial  product 
of  the  scholars.  The  vocabulary  contains  a  number  of  words 
borrowed  from  the  Persian,  but  very  few  words  of  Greek  and 
Latin.  The  few  words  of  classical  origin  occurring  in  Aramaic 
phraseology  are  probably  borrowed  from  Palestinean  literature, 
and  did  not  belong  to  the  language  of  the  people.^     Its  orthog- 

1  "  Babylonischer  Talmud,  Tractat  Makkoth,"  in  Verhandlungen  des  VII.,  intern.  Ori- 
entuli.sten  Congresses,  Wieu,  1886  (printed  1888). 

^  The  treatises  of  the  MiSna  :  YOma,  'AbOdd,  Zara,  'AbOih,  and  Sa66af/i  (Schriften  des 
Inst.  Jud.  in  Berlin). 

s  Upon  examination  of  Buxtorfs  Lexicon,  C.  E.  fonder  gives  a  list  of  thirty-seven 
Greek  loan-words  to  be  found  exclusively  in  the  Babylonian  Talmud  (c/.  Proc.  of  PEF., 
1890,  .S24),  but  his  data  are  not  trustworthy. 


4  INTRODUCTION 

raphy  is  in  tlie  main  phonetic,  but  there  is  ground  for  the  belief 
that  the  gutturals  were  less  distinguished  in  actual  speech  than 
might  be  inferred  from  the  orthography. 

Further  literature  in  the  dialect  of  the  Babylonian  Talmud  is 
to  be  found  in  portions  of  the  liturgy,  in  the  later  Midrasim*  and 
in  the  works  of  the  Geonim.  The  latter  extend  over  a  period  of 
about  400  years  (c.  750-1138).  To  this  class  belong  the  ninbs^lZJ 
of  'Ahai  of  Sabha,  ed.  princ.  Venice,  1546;  nibi"  ril-bn  of  Simon 
Qiyyara,  ed.  pr.  Venice,  1548.  Another  version  of  this  work 
was  published  by  I.  Hildesheimer,  Berlin,  1888-1892;'  ln"^^5< 
■piJ^j  U^T^l'JJ  "I  latest  edition  by  A.  Neubauer  in  MedicevalJewish 
Chronicles  [Anecdota  Oxoniensia,  Semitic  Series,  I.,  4,  Oxford, 
1887)  and  the  Aramaic  D^Di^^SH  riin^irn ,  for  the  literature  of 
which  cf.  Z.  Frankel,  Entwurf  einer  Geschichte  der  Litteratur 
der  nacMalmudischen  Responsen,  Breslau,  1865,  and  J.  Mueller, 

D^jii^Bn  ninviinb  rina/j ,  Berlin,  i89i. 

The  language  of  the  Gaonic  literature  shows  the  influence  of 
the  Targum;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  in  the  forms  of  the 
possessive  and  enclitic  personal  sufiixes,  and  in  the  retention  of 
the  final  nfm  in  the  plural  of  nouns,  verbs,  and  participles. 

1  Of.  Dalman,  op.  cit.,  p.  20. 

2  This  work  contains  older  elements. 


I.     SCRIPT  AND  ORTHOGRAPHY 

SCRIPT. 

Letters.^ — §  1.  The  alphabet  used  in  the  Talmud,  the  number 
of  letters,  and  their  phonetic  values  are  the  same  as  in  Hebrew. 

Voivels. — §  2.  No  vowel-signs  are  used  in  the  Talmud,  Tra- 
ditional pronunciation  employs  the  whole  variety  of  vowel-sounds 
found  in  the  Masoretic  text  of  the  Bible.  blrO  is  rare,  the  prefer- 
ence being  given  to  """liS  or  p*i^n  , 

Numerals. — §  3.  The  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  also  used  for 
numerals.  Jj^-tS  are  used  for  units;  ''-IS  ,  for  tens;  p-lH  ,  for  100- 
400.  Compound  numbers  are  expressed  by  composition,  the 
larger  numeral  being  placed  on  the  right:  2."^  12,  ^!D  31,  j5p  123. 
Numbers  higher  than  499  are  expressed:  500  by  pT\;  600,  "Ifl ; 
700,  'i-n  ;  800,  nn  ;  900,  pmn ,  etc'  when  the  letters  are  used 
within  the  text  with  numerical  value  they  always  have  the  sign  of 
abbreviation  (§6):  JT'lD,  28;  'j,  3;  H'bp,  135.'*  When  used  for 
pagination,  the  sign  of  abbreviation  is  omitted. 

Bead ing  of  Numerals. — §4.  When  the  number  consists  of 
one  or  of  two  letters,  the  names  of  the  letters  are  read.  Thus,  '3 
is  not  read  i^T\bV\  or  nbn ,  which  it  represents,  but  b'J^B  ;  so 
1"123,  n"1  are  read  VT^  yo  ,  U^Jl  "^IJ"'") .  Numbers  containing  more 
than  two  signs  are  read  either  as  above,  or  are  vocalized;  e.  g., 
b"pri,  900;  :<^"in,  G13;  n'5J-1,  248. 

1  For  the  names  of  the  letters  cf.  Hamburger,  Eeal-Encycl.f.  Bihel  u.  Talmud,  Supplern., 
article  "Grammatik."  Notice  also  the  usual  pronunciation  of  the  following  names  of  let- 
ters Alleph,  Gimmel,  Called,  96th,  Toth,  Yfld,  Kftpli,  Lammed,  Sammekh,  Qaddlq  (Berliner, 
Beitrtige  zur  hebr.  Gram.,  22),  Qtiph'.    TG.,  ed.  Harkavy,  §26  -jT  for  "JIT,  §49  has  lib  for 

T5pb  (cf.  Samaritan  Labad,  Petermann,  Gram,  sam.,  p.  2,  written  tlSSb ,  Munk,  TM.  10) ; 

Col.  MS.  (Meg.  end)  voc.  bia'^^  I  HG.  has  XI  for  1X1  •    The  forms  of  the  names  of  the  letters 

T        «  T  T 

in  post-Gaonic  literature  I  shall  give  in  my  Dictionary  of  Philological  Terminology  in 
Hebrew  and  Aramaic,  now  in  preparation. 

2  In  later  Hebrew  thousands  are  expressed  by  units  with  dots  over  them.  Thus  X , 
1(X)0;  "2,  2000;  ji,  5000.  Numbers  from  500-900  are  expressed  in  Masoretic  writings  by  the 
final  letters  "^-V  .    In  writing,  the  final  letters  are  always  written  on  the  loft:  V^  =  90;!. 

3  In  MSS.  we  find  sometimes  other  signs  used.    Tims  3i"1iri  niay  be  written  j'i'iri  or 

5 


6  I.     SCRIPT    AND    ORTHOGRAPHY  [§5 

Diacritical  Signs. —  §5.  Wjr\  and  i^nip'  like  the  vowel  signs 
do  not  occur  in  the  text.  The  end  of  a  section  is  indicated  by  a 
double  point  (1).'^  The  same  sign  marks  the  end  of  a  quotation 
from  the  Misna  at  the  head  of  a  section.  The  employment  of  this 
sign  is  not  always  consistent.     Minor  subdivisions  are  not  marked. 

§  6.  A  word  not  written  out  in  full  is  followed  by  a  slanting 
stroke  above  the  line.'  Thus,  'T  ,  '/J3  ,  for  ^:an  or  n"]  ,  i^^Zj  .  If 
two  or  more  consecutive  words  are  abbreviated  a  double  stroke  is 
written  in  the  middle.  Thus,  rt^,  ^"'/2 ,  b"7ip,  for  "nn  iDP , 
aCX  ^^'2  ,  "lb  TCIL'Q  iXp  .  The  signs  are  employed  to  mark  letters 
used  as  numerals  (§  3 )  or  the  names  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 
Thus  n'bl,  b"'2^j,  n""3,  q"bi<  'Alei^h,  Beth,  Oimel,  Daleth,  to 
distinguish  them  from  ~b^  thousand,  tT'lL  house,  etc. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Vowels. —  §  7.  The  vowels  o,  6,  6,  u  and  ii  are  invariably  indi- 
cated by  1 :  biDpyt  I  shall  kill;  mrz  death;  ^^r^^  another  (f.) ; 
T02^_  they  said;' HOZ^^  man.  The  mater  lectionis  1  is  sometimes 
omitted  in  verbs  with  consonantal  1  as  second  stem-consonant: 
""^iiT^^b  to  make  even. 

§  8.  The  vowels  e,  g,  e,  i,  I  and  I  are  usually  indicated  by  the 
mater  lectionis  V*  Tn3?n  thou  wilt  do;  «ri^n  house;  pD"!J^  I  shall 
go  up;  •p■p^5  they  say  J  tri2  died;  ^"^  if;  b^^lS!  or  b^  go  thou. 
But  the  "^  is  sometimes  omitted.  This  is  generally  the  case  with 
words  common  to  both  Aramaic  and  Hebrew;  c.  g.,  tDblT^J  pays; 
ir^S-  explains;  \'^T\'2  answers.^ 

..T  .  ^  1    ••  T    : 

§  1).  The  vowel  a  or  a,  when  final,  is  marked  by  5<  ;  less  fre- 
quently by  n .  The  latter  is  usually  the  case  in  the  feminine 
ending  of  the  verb.  Inter-consonantal  a  or  d  is  seldom  indicated 
by  « ,  never  by  H  .  This  is  the  case  in  MSS.  and  later  literature 
more  frequently  than  in  the  printed  text:  U^lHSb"^  queen;  J^STT 
Sabbath,  week;  i<-j;^3  evil,  had;  ^Z^'Z'^  is  about  to  die;  nr^l 

1  For  tlio  otymolofO'  of  the  term  cf.  C.  Levias,  AJP.,  xvi,  28-37,  and  AM.  Jouen.  OF  Sem. 
Lang,  and  Lit.,  XIIL,  pp.  79-80. 

2  In  MSS.  one  point  is  sometimes  used  instead. 

3  In  MSS.  wo  find  frequently  instead  of  tlio  stroke  a  dot  on  the  last  letter. 

4  X  to  mark  "112  is  found  only  in  StrT*  he  wiU  be,  KHP  nhe  wiU  be,  which  belong  to 
MiSnic  Hebrew. 

•■>  Cf.  also  Levy,  Neuh.  Wb.,  s.  v.  rT^T- 


§13]  ORTHOGRAPHY  7 

she  cooked;  ^"l'^  she  is  able;  TT'Zi^  she  says;  'l^T",  ?s  Jit; 
nnj^^'II-J^  rows]-  'i^^b  r  ^^^  /"^^-  ^^^^  adjective  ending  d'a  is 
always  spelled  Jli^     . 

§  10.  ninS  is  generally  not  indicated.  Exceptions  are  'i^'^  =  "J 
who,  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from  "2  from;  and  verbs  with  a 
guttural  as  third  stem-consonant,  and  consonantal  1  as  second 
stem-consonant,  in  order  to  mark  the  a-vowel:  ^SlVaJ'^b  let  him 
jump;  ^)XTTi2  goes  about. 

§11.  The  diphthongs  ot  and  di,  when  final,  are  generally 
indicated  by  "'i< ,  seldom  by  ''"' ;  when  inter-consonantal,  by  "^^ , 
rarely  by  ^5< :  ^J^'is:  ^U^""  rejoice  imj  soul;  5<n"^"inn  last  (f.); 
55"J^5<p  stands. 

§  12.  Final  au  occurs  only  in  1i<j  }iot,  a  contraction  of 
l!<'in  +  l!<b;  inter-consonantal  au  is  indicated  by  Ti:  J^'l'll'n  tread- 
ing; iHprn  exactness;  XriTi  thorn  (§80). 

§  13.  Vocal  sevd  is  frequently  denoted  by  "^ ,  e.  g.,  """Z"'  do, 
12j"'i<  man,  ^n^lZJ  tarrying,  TCB  running  about.  This  is  espe- 
cially the  case  in  the  imperfect,  at  times  also  in  the  infinitive  and 
participle  of  "^'l^'  and  other  verbs,  and  was  probably  pronounced 
as  a  full  vowel. ^  According  to  Dalman,^  the  Sabbioneta  edition 
of  Onkelos  and  the  Masora  of  that  Targum  frequently  vocalize 
the  prefixes  of  the  imperfect  and  infinitive  of  "*  "12?  verbs  with  i 
followed  by  ddghes  of  the  first  stem-consonant,  or,  in  case  of 
resolution,  by  e,  by  analogy  with  ^"^  verbs.  To  this  he  remarks 
in  a  note:  " The  tendency  of  the  forms  q®tal,  q^tul  to  pass  into 
qittal,  qittul,  is  also  elsewhere  to  be  observed  (c/.  Barth,  Nom- 
incdbildung,  196).  .  .  .  Mere  lengthening  of  sevd  to  a  full  vowel 
may  besides  be  attributable  to  careless  speaking  (c/.  Safir,  'Eben 
Sapplr,  I.  55a)."  To  this  I  would  add,  that  in  the  recently  dis- 
covered oldest  system  of  vocalization  we  find  i,  e,  or  d  for  vocal 
sevd,  the  latter  having  no  special  sign  at  all.^  It  seems,  there- 
fore, that  the  development  of  sevd  in  Hebrew  and  Judeo- 
Aramaic  is  of  a  later  date  than  in  Syriac. 

1  Cf.  C.  Levias,  AJP.  XVI.  30  (reprint  p.  3).  Cf.  also  Sal.  Geiger,  Zion,  II.  6:  HehaliXc, 
II.  153;  A.  Geiger,  Nachgel.  Schriften,  V..  Hebr.  part,  p.  1  sq. 

2  Grammatik  des  jud.-pal.  Aramdisch,  §  70,  3. 

3  Cf.  Friedlander,  FSB  A.,  XVIII.,  March,  1896,  p.  90. 


II.     PHONOLOGY 


A.    CONSONANTS.' 


General  Eemdrks. — §  14.  As  in  the  cognate  Aramaic  dialects 
1  represents  both  original  j>  and  j  ;  e.  g.,  j  :  SJ^'^TZ*^  honey,  ^53^^ 
judge:  3  :  "1  fhis,   U^tp'H  beard. —  n  represents  both   _,  and  ^  ; 

e.  a..  _,  :  D^3n  it^/sr,  iJ^/^bn  dream,  ^"^'IT,  ass;  ^•.  Xr^iriJ^  another, 

err;  to  sign;  ^nri"  /o  break  in. — 13  represents  is  and  jb  ;  <?.  </.,  Jo  : 
!J5'2"i:  /rts/e,  reason,  ^</Jt:  /o  6e  unclean;  h  :  &<^i^I2  ?ia?7,  ^:^t2  load, 

T  -:  -  T  :  T 

!J<~"I2  mountain.^ — 2?  represents  c ,  c  ,  and  ^  ;  e.  r/.,  c  ••  iJ^pTS'  ?'mff, 
S'^b?  «'or?(/,  5<niry  /e?/;  p  :  U^nnr  raven,  «n'3?  cZo?<(/,  bb:?  /o  enter, 
go  in;  ^^  :  TiT'3.  egg,  >'13?  or  yiSJ^  /o  happen,  befall,  &^""i7J  disease. 
—  "i"  has  been  retained  in  Xn'i3''1i<  (also  i^nC"'^!^^)  a  certain  meal, 
Jj^"T2  meat,Jiesh,  ^'W  to  compel,  ^W  ten,  '"""(W  twenty  (but  ^D, 
"'■'C,  in  compound  numbers),  "lifl  /o  ?)e  satiated,  HC'dX  Satan, 
t<r"S:"l'  /<rt/rc(^  (but  ^]C  /o  /irt/^),  &<3'J:  Z?>,  i<'i3i2  mustache,  -pifl 
/o  6/a'>?,  sicalloic,  gulp  down,  and  perhaps  "'bD'^ir  a  certain  bird; 
but  the  latter  is  doubtful.  In  other  cases  it  appears  as  C. — • 
n  represents  ^^  and  ^•,  e.  g.,  ^i  Hms  to  open,  T\T2  to  die,  Tl'i 
to  drink;  ^  :  "lin  ox,  S^H  /o  return,  bpH  /o  tveigh.  In  the  few 
cases  in  which  these  rules  are  violated,  we  have  loan-words  from 
other  dialects. 

Pronunciation. —  §  15.  The  original  pronunciation  of  the  vari- 
ous sounds  ditl  not,  in  all  probability,  differ  from  the  cognate 
dialects  and  from  Hebrew.     But  in  a  later  period  the  pronuncia- 

1  Cf.  Hauj-t,  ZUMG..  34,  Vugq.;  BA.,  I.,  2i9sq.;  Dalman,  GJPA.,  41 8g. 

2  Tliis  word  is  connected  witli  Arab,    v^  .     Its  p  is  infixed  as  that  in  l^T^y  or 

3  This  is  the  Arab.    ..  g  P   hack,  Assyr.  Qlru  )agh.    Cf.  Arab.   J-*^f    ^^    tke  top 

o//Ae  moKH/a/n  and  the  use  of  Arab.    rt-*»^  .  Hob.  2733  /i)77,  the  hittor  connected  with  ^3 

back.  For  a  similar  change  from  Arab.  H'T  to  Aram.  T'y  cf.  Arab.  '--jZS  and  Talni.  STp  , 
Fraenkcl,  Frcmdi/-.,  42.  /  ^"^ 

8 


§17]  CONSONANTS  9 

tion  of  some  of  the  sounds  seems  to  have  varied.  This  is  evident 
from  the  variations  in  spelling  and  from  the  transcription  we  find 
in  Arabic  for  Aramaic  loan-words.' 

Gutturals. —  §  10.  The  Arabs  transcribed  Jl  by  5  ,  H  by  j^  or 

_, ,  and  y  by  c  •     The  pronunciation  of  M  was  probably,  as  with 

all  Eastern  Arameans,  that  of  the  voiceless  guttural  spirant   -^  . 

The  words  transcribed  are  either  taken  from  some  western  dialect 
or  borrowed  at  a  later  period. 

§  17.  As  appears  from  the  Talmud  (Meg.  24  6,  M.  Q.  16  h, 
Ker.  8  a),  the  Babylonians  did  not  properly  distinguish  the  gut- 
turals in  their  pronunciation.  The  retention  of  the  various 
gutturals  in  script  is,  therefore,  merely  historic  spelling."  Hence, 
in  words  whose  etymology  is  not  transparent,  we  frequently  find 
phonetic  spelling.     Thus,  in  InT  to  he  cautious^  "'TlJl  one  another, 

together,  pT'^H  to  imprison,  "1*11  to  return,  )XPb^TTi2  sieve,  bH- 
to  sift,  Kl'^T]  shrubbery,  and  in  other  words  we  have  T]  for  ety- 
mological n  .*  In  t^b'iT^i^  pounded  grain,  i^niT'^i^  name  of  a  canal, 
&<u:^B*i5  a  kind  of  fish,  we  have  55  f or  H  .     In  3?bri  or  tlbri  to  crack, 

T  • 

we  have  H  as  well  as  >"  for  it.  In  Ml^  to  dry  up,  we  have  n  for 
Jj5  .     For  n  we  have  ^5  or  •  in  !J^"!}^ ,  t^lT  this,  "iSSS  to  turn;  while 

T  T  TT  I 

for  3?  we  have  very  frequently  J< :  XniS;  (Col.  MS.,  Meg.  12  b,  ^52? 
alongside  of  i<2i<)  thicket,  ^ii>5  twigs,  ^DS'^^i^  bulrushes,  a.  fr. 
Cf.  Noeldeke,  loc.  cit.;  also  Nestle,  Marginalien  u.  Materialien, 
p.  69.' 

The  fact  that  post-vocalic  ?  is  pronounced  as  a  vowel  shows 
even  more  clearly  that  the  retention  of  the  gutturals  is  in  many 
cases  merely  graphic.  Thus  ^5■i2''t-  is  pronounced  tdimo.  This 
points  to  an  earlier  '^'Z'^'Ci  just  as  in  Assyrian.^ 

1  Cf.  Fraenkel,  op.  cit.,  Introduction. 

2  Cf.  Noeldeke,  MG.,  58.  ^    ^ 

3  This  word  lias  nothing  to  do  with  "IHT  to  shine,  but  is  the  Arab.  )V^^  •  For  similar 
metathesis,  cf.  Barth,  ES.,  3,  4  COin  and  'ij'C).  ^^^ 

*  Cf.  also  Harkavy's  note,  p.  336,  of  his  edition  of  the  TG. 

3  A  similar  promiscuous  use  of  the  gutturals  is  found  in  Phenician  (Schrooder,  PhOniz. 
Spr.,  79sg.),  Samaritan  (Uhlemann,  Inst,  lingu. Samar.,  I.,  13sg.),  Neo-Syriac  (Noeldeke, 
NSG.,  oQsq.),  and  Palest.  Aramaic  (Dalman,  op.  cit.,  44). 

6  In  the  same  way  Hebrew  words  like  nbS'P  ,  TaS^'O  ■  ^"'1172  .  Tar's  ,  bD^S  ,  an.] 
the  like  are  pronounced  m6ilo,  mfiimor,  mkirlv,  m^imod,  mfiichol.  Bu't  nD":^'^ 
mar6cho.  The  pronunciation  of  the  above  and  similar  words  is  retained  also  in  the  plural 
ia  spite  of  the  change  of  accent.    Thu§,  maim6rim,  maich61im,  maim6d0s. 


10  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§1^ 

Palatals. — §  18.  Initial  "'  seems  to  have  been  sometimes  pro- 
nounced i<  to  judge  from  a  few  cases  where  i<  is  actually  written 
and  from  the  fact  that  after  the  precative  b  the  prefix  ^  of  the 
imperfect,  even  if  it  is  followed  by  an  «-vowel,  is  frequently 
dropped.  Thus,  SSjTtTuJ^  dried  ears  of  corn,  5<b2^X  willoiv -ha sleet, 
nb^^n"5<'n  that  will  he  horn,  Ned.  30  h,  "d^^T^i  that  they  gather, 

'  t:     -  :      •     :  )   -     .     : 

B.  Q.  113  b;  i<  for  "^  is  also  written  in  a  few  forms  of  the  verb 
^tr  to  sit,  y^-'^b  let  him  cause  to  swear,  Cfbnb  let  him  pass. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  find  at  times  the  "^  marked  as  consonantal 
by  doubling  it. 

§  19.  ji  and  j  like  n ,  "1 ,  S  and  n  had  a  double  pronunciation 
as  mutae  and  as  spirants.  3  is  transcribed  by  the  Arabs  generally 
as  -^  ,  sometimes  as  ,^- ;  3  is  generally  d ,  sometimes  by  --  or 
(^ ;  3  is  ^^ ,  5  is  -^  .     So  we  find  also  in  the  Talmud  ''bp''3  and 

'b^y  partridges,  t^'^'2  and  t'p'^  to  knock,  ^Ti'^^'^'^  and  iJ^niTj^'^j: 
shej^herd's  hell,  5<riSp";p  =  >5ri23"]3  head,  from  'p'D  to  bend,  nod, 
properly  noddle;  cf.  Hebr.  "pip  I  lip  ;  jl'Ji  and  pT^  to  jump, 
written  promiscuously.     3  is  today  not  distinguished  from  3 . 

Linguals. —  §  20.  1  is  rendered  in  Arabic  hj  ^  ,  1  by  j  ;  n 
by  ci5 »  ri  by  ^  .  In  traditional  pronunciation  "I  is  pronounced 
like  ^  and  T\  like  C .  t2  is  not  distinguished  in  modern  pronun- 
ciation from  n  .  The  1  was  evidently  a  lingual,  as  it  could  I  e 
doubled.' 

Sibilants. — §  21.  T  is  v  ;  D  and  TS  are  ^  ;  'jS  is  (^o,  and  "125,^^, 
rarely  j*  .  In  the  Talmud  "JJ  is  usually  carefully  distinguished, 
while  the  other  sibilants  are  at  times  used  indiscriminately. 
Thus,  i^"n2  and  5<XS  street-icell  (V.  L.,  B.  B.  8  a);  t^bip^pni^ , 
5<bi:-iPC«  flippina/nBi^^^'l^i^,  ^^n^n-^^  rows,  F.  MS.,  B.  B.  12  a; 
5<"T^5<,  ^"C^5<  a  certain  quarter  of  meat;  U5jCi< ,  i<^i^^  crcep'-r, 
vine;  ST^ij',  i^CXC  ear  of  corn;  n"!! ,  T^C  binds,  M.  MS.,  AZ., 
2S  h;  y;C"C< ,  '^^^'li?  jw/;  Cp>"  for  yp:?  to  sting;  5^nC^'^i<  and 
i<m"JJ""5<\  certain  meal;  "^"^C:'  and  "f"]'*C2?  twenty;  'XZl  and  Zzil 
to  tread. 

L<d)ials. — §  22.  S  is  rendered  in  xVrabic  transcription  l)y  ^  ; 
£  In-  ^ ,  sometimes  by  ^  .     1  and  12  are  rendered   by  ^  and  ^ ; 

1  Cf.  Fraenkol,  op.  cU.,  8<?,  and  '^2'^^K.  •&«-  '^''> 


§26]  CONSONANTS  11 

5  by  o  1  sometimes  by  ,_, .  With  the  exception  of  two  or  three 
words  where  11  is  written  for  etymological  2 ,  the  Talmud  retains 
"2 .  But  2.  and  11  are  written  indiscriminately  in  foreign  words. 
Z  and  S  are  sometimes  written  indiscriminately.  "STSIS  and 
TkTZIS   a  species  of  tamed   doves,  "^^123   and    ""ISS   excremmts, 

5<rzb::,  ^^~i:::  eel 

T  :    T   :  T  :  : 

Daghcs  and  Rdph6. — §  23.  The  rules  for  the  pronunciation 
of  r2^"32  as  tenues,  or  mediae,  and  as  spirantized  are  about  the 
same  as  in  Hebrew  and  Syriac;  but  the  following  may  be  noticed: 

o)  Unlike  the  Syriac,  r^i2"rc  has  no  daghes  after  a  diph- 
thong; e.  g.,  i^n^S,  12^"&5. 

h)  The  in  in  the  feminine  ending  i<Fl"  is  often  not  spirantized 
when  a  vowelless  consonant  precedes,  even  if  that  consonant  be 
preceded  by  a  long  vowel;  e.  g.,  U^pbi^cJ . 

c)  ri3j"rc  are  not  spirantized  to  avoid  difficulty  of  pronun- 
ciation; e.  g.,  xsFiTi,  5<nip"n-i ,  i"i--2x,  5<"^nw ,  i<-^ric-::,  for 

^  TT  t'.;  •:-  tt;  tt:« 

TT  t'-:  •:-  tt:  tt:> 

d)  3  is  pronounced  hard  in  the  proper  names  J}<iE  Papa  and 
^£E  Papi. 

•     T 

Changes  of  Consonants. — Gnlturals. — §  24.  i^  changes  to  ^ 
in  the  active  participle  Qal  of  """l:?  verbs  and  of  verbs  following 
their  analogy.  Also  in  the  Pa"el  and  Ithpa"al  of  verbs  ^  V . 
Thus.  D^T  stands,  in"^::  listens,  TT^'C  dies,  T^i:  hinds,  ^^"2  com- 

'  ..'t  ..  t  ••  t  -  t  I   ••  t 

peZs,  -iT^^n  feels  pain,  b^y^  enters,  h^^'^  asks,  T^'iJ  he  left, 
omitted,  H'^^nilJU^  remained.  The  forms  ri''55!2 ,  D^J^p ,  etc.,  are 
only  graphical  variants.  The  5<  must  have  also  been  pronounced 
^  in    5<-5<5<    interstice,    and    75<i<   Aleplis.      Notice    also    X^?,'''^ 

TT-:  ,  l.T-^  ,T. 

remainder.     Verbs  ^"j  have  passed  entirely  into  verbs  ■•  5  . 

§  25.  n  changes  to  1  or  ■•  in  iJ^bl!  ,  \^h^Z  he,  she,  lit.  this  one 
(§  177),  JJ^Ip  to  he  blunt,  Tlin  to  he  astonished.  In  the  last  two 
cases  we  may  have  metathesis  rather  than  phonetic  change.  MIH 
may  also  stand  for  n"«n  .     S^^iJ^^T  rich  landlord,  j    "^riT  .' 

§  26.  M  appears  frequently  as  Ti :  !}<!iin  foliage  of  a  palm, 
Arab.  ^jOyss^  ;  t^TTl  thorn,  Syr.  U-S* ;  ^^IH  a  proper  name  =  U^j" 

1  Cf.  Syriac  Q-»03i  =  03iO(Ji  and  Palcstinean  M'^'^X  -  r^HS .  Dalman,  6?. 


•II  1 


12  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§2'^ 

inn  io  return,  Hebr.  "^Tn ;  cf.  §§  16,  17.  Sometimes  it  inter- 
changes with  a  sibilant:  !j<nc^p"b-,  5<nc^p-bc.' 

§  27.  y  regularly  changes  to  ^5  when  there  is  another  3>  (  =  (jo) 
in  the  same  word:  y^i;^  =  ^^^  io  happen;  5^£^i  =  iC?i5^  =  Arab. 
^uy£>  hyena.  Cf.  also  §17.  In  "nj  io  laugh,  we  have  T*  for  ?. 
Whenever  3?  corresponds  to  Arab.  ^  it  must  have  been  originally 
=  c  .  This  would  explain  more  easily  its  interchange  with  j  and 
p  .*     Verbs  y"b  have  in  a  few  instances  passed  into  verbs  "'"b . 

Palatals.— %  28.  j  interchanges  with  p  (§  18),  with  D  :  ^^'2^^, 
5^1312:3  door-step;  cf.  §51.     In  XT^T  couple,  the  j  becomes  7,  as 

T    T    :  *^  T 

in  modern  Arabic  and  Syriac.  It  changes  perhaps  to  1  in  "^j'J^ , 
■mr  to  send.  But  the  latter  is  more  probably  =  .J^  .  In  ''!|15< 
for  "^Sn  (§  174)  we  have  the  change  of  ji  to  &5 . 

§29.  Sand  p  frequently  interchange:  ^r">r"^3 ,  ^J^*f"!p  vetch; 

5^n""Si"3  ,  i^n^^ii'^p  dealers  in  veqetahles;  i<n^^iri^3 ,  U^n^^lZJinn 

tt;:tt:':  "^  tt::  tt:'. 

halls,  cakes.  The  interchange  with  n  frequently  found  in  the 
texts  is  probably  due  to  graphical  errors. 

§  30.  Intervocalic  "^  changes  to  !!<  in  the  adjective  ending 
ni<-.     Thus.  ns<"nn  the  last,  M^^^p  the  first,  HJ^Z^b  the  Libyan, 

TT  'tt;t  tt'-  tt 

for  *i5^^nn,  *^<^^p,  *!}^^I^b.'  In  verbs:  nt^"5n"i<  she  was 
healed, ^Keth.,  62  V;  ^^^"n'lDS  loere  changed.  Col.  MS.,  MQ.,  25  h. 
But  generally  intervocalic  "^  is  elided. 

Dentals. — §  31.  T  usually  corresponds  to  Arab.  c>  fi^tl  3  ;  but 
occasionally  T  appears,  even  when  it  corresponds  to  j>  .  Thus,  ""T  , 
SIT  then,noiv  (§182),  n^T  to  slaughter';  w\35<;'l,  iC^l]  loss;  i^bri  , 
i^bri  dripping;  J^JS-'H ,  iX^Tl   ticigs;  iXPTl'^l,  ^^n^T  sorb-jdanta- 

1  Cf.  Syriac  |  ^,V.^X..  -  ji^V.^^. ,  Brockclmann,  Leu-,  t^yr.,  add.  ad  p.  112.  Hebrew 
rbi^n  may  stand  for  r.bSTSlT.  Imt  with  regard  to  its  Assyrian  equivalent,  n  may  Vie 
original.    Cf,  prothetic  H  in  ^yr.  )'~  -  "  ^  -  . 

2  For  this  change  cf.  Bibl.  Aramaic  i^P'^i^  c'lrfh;  in  some  dialects,  cf.  D.  H.  MttlltT, 
op.  Cit.,  p.  41;  Noldckc,  MG.,  §66;  Miink,  rSl'.'v.  44,  n.  127.  Ethiopic  Saqflqaua,  to  cry, 
lament,  is  a  Saph'el  of  *qOqaya  =  ^-^  .-^  .  One  is  tempted  to  compare  also  Judeo- 
Gorman  "koikon"  to  howl,  altli<>ii«li  it  is  diflicult  to  see  the  historical  connection.  Cf. 
also  "^212 .  ^'^''-t  ed.  priiic.  =  V^lID  f««'  hubbies.  Similar  is  the  interchange  of  T  and 
p  :  Hebr.  "pO,  Syr.  ]»j.A.   almond.    C/.  §30. 

3  Cf.  Jaeger,  BA.,  I.,  iS9,  4ri9. 

*  Cf.  XOldoke,  MO.,  4:5;  D.  H.  Mftller,  Imchr.  von  Sendachirli,  iOsq.,  6j. 


§36]  CONSONANTS  13 

J 

Hon;   i^r'n^t:,  «r7^t:  wardrobe;  ^^i'3,1  bee.B.ehr.  H^iz'n';  i^b^'^X 

tt::-     tt::-  t.  t:t.- 

for  i<yT^^5  young  gazelle.  In  J^"  S"!  (§185)  it  corresponds  to 
Arab.    «^  «^  . 

In  the  following  examples  we  have  not  an  interchange  of  b 
and  1 ,  but  a  rare  syntactical  use  of  1 ,  which  can  be  paralleled 
in  Assyrian:  b^TI^^i"^  li^b  does  it  not  mean  to  say,  Col.  MS.,  Zeb. 
50  a;  i^I^C^"]  ^^^P^V  J^^T'I^  ^']in'1  and  oxen  for  ploughing  and 
dates  for  trade,  Sabb.  19  h.'  In  the  first  example  there  may  also 
be  dissimilation  due  to  the  preceding  l^b  .^ 

§  32.  t2  usually  corresponds  to  Arab,  is  and  ^ ,  but  occa- 
sionally it  interchanges  with  iS ;  thus,  '^'112  and  "''G'i  .  In  Vb^  it 
corresponds  to  'Omanee  Arabic    «JLo  to  limp.*" 

§  33.  ri  sometimes  interchanges  with  1 :  H^^P'^rQ  the  Bag- 
dadian;  ^"^Tl^p  ,  ""in^p  ;  ^'^V)  ^  ^^nrb  /i(r»?>." 'c/.  also  §  21. 

Liquids. — §  34.  b  interchanges, with  D  in  the  precative  parti- 
cle of  the  imperfect:  "'iriD  let  him  6e,  for  "'IJlb  ;   "pT-S  sufficient 

for   irrigation,    H.   MS.,   B.  B.  8  a,  for    b^lT^ .'      «:a^b ,    Latin 

nummus,  coin.     Cf.  also  §  36. —  i^pb?  leech  appears  also  as  ^^p"*"  . 

§  35.  D  changes  to  1  in  J^I^IT"'"!  fowler.  Compare  also  ^!2p  to 
hide  with  Hebr.  "Jti .  A  similar  change  would  be  in  IS  son, 
rilll  daughter,  if  they  are  identical  with  'HI ,  nS ;  but  this  is 
doubtful.  Final  "i  changes  to  Q  in  DTl"i2J"P  he  makes  icater,  O. 
MS.,  Sabb.  131  rt. 

§  36.  1  appears  frequently  as  T .  This  may  be  simply  a 
graphical  error.     But  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  change  of  1  to 

1  Cf.  also  Arab.  \  5-^S  alongside  of  \y^^  • 

2  Cf.  the  variant  in  the  ptDriB  to  Onkelos,   Lev.  15:3;}  SlS^bb"]  for  ^'^S'llbV  and 

in  later  literature:  1171^3  =  117113  HG.  29;  KI'^^ll  = '"lb  Und.  108;  Xpi2i"1  =  "^b 
thid.  373. 

3  The  stock  example  for  the  interchange  of  b  and  T  has  always  been  ITS  —  btS  • 
But  from  the  fact  that  the  word  occurs  only  in  two  forms,  X'HTS  and  ITTSC .  for  both  gou- 

T  1     -  -   -I  » 

ders,  and  only  in  the  sense  of  the  present,  and  used  only  in  the  set  phrase  T\'^'l2'S'\^'^  SHTS?  . 
and  only  in  a  metaphorical  sense,  it  is  evident  that  such  use  of  the  word  is  only  a  piece  of 
school-wisdom,  based  on  a  wrong  interpretation  of  a  biblical  passage.  A  root  ~TX  is  a 
mere  fiction  of  our  lexicographers.  Later  Hebrew  literature  abounds  in  i)arallels  of  a 
similar  kind.  SuiEce  it  to  point  to  Hj^E  'o  disclose,  "i2i2p  end.  and  2^  113^13  Q^i^f-  A 
full  collection  of  such  words  would  be  of  considerable  interest. 

*  Cf.  i?t313  egg  in  Jer.  Sebu.,  III.  34 d;  but  this  may  also  be  equal  to  iiriyS  with 

change  of  fl  to  13  • 

5  For  the  same  phenomenon  cf.  TG.,  ed.  Harkavy,  §55.  Cf.  also  Syriac  ''^.iJ  and 
Hebrew-Aram,  "inj  to  give. 


14  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§37 

T  is  attested  in  living  speech,'  such  a  change  may  in  some  cases 
be  phonetic.  The  physiological  kinship  between  "I  and  1  seems 
to  be  the  same  as  between  3^  ( =  p )  and  ^j6  . 

"I  changes  to  b  in  Tibn  hvo,  "^C'^bri  twelve  (§136). 

§37.  T.  On  interchange  with  1  cf.  §31.  T  stands  for  Arab. 
^j6  in  Till  to  sj)lit';  JJ^H^T  clucking  hen  (connected  with  ^^  to 

make  noise,  croak) ;  ^T&<  to  heat  is  perhaps  Arab.  Ld^s^ ;  T^3 , 
Arab.  vL=».  to  j^ass  through,  cross,  is  evidently  connected  with 

§  38.  C  stands  for  u^  in  "i3.C  to  ivait,  hope  for.  On  the 
other  hand  "'aic  to  cup  corresponds  to  Arab.  Ill  to  examine  a 

wound.  The  latter  is  connected  with  y^  to  break  open  (said  of 
an  ulcer). ^     For  its  interchange  with  other  sibilants  cf.  §  21. 

§39.  JI  interchanges  with  other  sibilants  (§21),  with  ti 
(§32).  It  stands  for  Arab,  u^  in  "l^  to  he  in  need,  "liSZi  to  he 
few,  y/JJ?  to  press  together^'  'C^^'l  to  cry,  shout  =  ^IJ),  V^-^^ 
to  cast  hubbies. 

1  Maclean,  Gram,  of  Vernacular  Syr.,  %  121.    For  Ethiopic  cf.  Pratorius  in  BA.,  I.,  p.  45. 

2  From  an  original  >«»0-?  all  the  forms  with  T  i  21 .  p  and  T  as  second  stem-consonant, 
which  appear  in  the  various  Semitic  languages,  can  be  derived. 

3  Cf.  also  Hebrew  ntS  C?)  locust  with  *  ^"y-  glutton;  Miinic  rT^^^BT  receptacle  with 

>«y^  ;    n"*"!^!!!  ba('  ^oil  with   ^^yt^  \    »J\    hooks,  Psalms,  with    SjLyof,  pi.    Ny«-0. 

Through  the  intermediate  form  yj3  we  get  the  form  T^^'H  hook,  mentioned  in  the  Talmud 
as  used  among  Persian  Jews.  Cf.  Fraenkel,  op.  cit.,  248;  Barth,  E.  S.,  26,  .■)2.  The  develop- 
mcnt  of  meaning  from  >-yO  to  put  in  oi-dor,    y^'^  collect,  to  SjLyfil   hook  is  similar  to 

that  in  ljUo  hook  from  s^jJiS  to  setv  together.  Cf.  later  Hebrew  ^i^JS  hook,  composition, 
and  "i;ki?  to  compose,  ivrite  a  book  (vide  Harkavy,  Lehen  u.  Werke  d.  Saadjah  Gaon, 

-    T 

p.  JT'^'psg.).  There  seems,  therefore,  to  bo  no  ground  for  doubting  the  Arabic  origin  of 
V_}V.Aj    as  Fraenkel  does  {op.  cit.,  249). 

•  y 

*  n^iO  (Targ.)  to  hear,  carry,  is  closely  connected  with  the  idea  of  endurance,  hope. 
The  same  connection  wo  find  in  bSD  (Targ.)  to  carry,  suffer,  endure.  Arab.  U^\  .  Assyr. 
zabalu  (Barth,  £S.,  50).    Interesting  variants  to  l^'^O  wo  find  in  the  Targ.  to  Psalm  96,8: 

y  y  y 

'T\y^tD^  ^nniP  ;  cf.  Levy,  TWh.  s.  v.  "120-  The  form  ^110  corresponds  to  Arab.  v*-^> 
■1D1P   and   imtJ.   to  an  Arabic   by-fonn    wO .     Similarly  we   tiud  Hebrew  H^tD  grain 


> 


y  u    y 


/"■ 


=  Arab.  5  wAJ  ,  a  by-form  of   5v«*>-0    pile,  store  of  grain. 
s  Barth,  ES.,  1.  5. 


§4J:]  CONSONANTS  15 

§40.  UJ  interchanges  with  T\  in  bp'JJ ,  ^pP ,  /o  loeigh,  be 
worth.     With  D  in  ^"JJTJ ,  ^C"J  fo  icash. 

Labials. — §41.  2.  On  interchange  of  "2  with  1  and  3  c/. 
§  22.  In  -'i^-J  for  "'i^n  Beth  S'^'dn  we  have  7J  for  2 .  i<'2^py 
=  Hebr.  ^^p"*"  ,  Arab.  i^y'syS. . 

§  42.  '2  .  Assyrian  12  appears  sometimes  as  2 ,  sometimes  as 
1 :  "^li"  ?;j)0»,  !J^''"i"5<  ?tJes/,'  i^nnlVvT  cyjyress.'  12  changes  to  2  in 
■n-nrinf.  Aph^elof  nin  to  return,  B.  Q.  81  ?j,  and  in  ^Si^Fl'i:  melt- 
ing, Sabb.  1106;  in  the  plural  endings  of  pronouns,  nouns  and 
verbs.     It  stands  for  D  in  1}<«l2^I1  terebinth. 

T    ; 

§43.  1.  Initial  1  has  been  retained  only  in  the  following 
words:  11  Wait,  ^1  woe!  alas!  "'b^^l  jwoper  (alongside  of  v^^"*), 
5<'^11  rose  and  its  derivatives,  J^l^l  meeting,  5<pT11  tart,  and  in 
a  few  proper  names.     In  all  other  cases  it  has  changed  to  "^ . 

DOUBLING. 

§  44.  Doubling  takes  place  in  traditional  pronunciation  in 
about  the  same  way  as  in  Syriac: 

a)  As  characteristic  of  certain  grammatical  formations;  e.  g., 
in  the  Intensive  stems. 

b)  To  show  a  double  consonant;  e.  g.,  "2^  ,  SSS  . 

c)  As  compensation  for  an  assimilated  consonant;  e.  g.,  J^P'JJ 
year,  371^  thon. 

d)  As  compensation  for  a  shortened  long  vowel;  e.  g.,  "D>? 
for  ^1:5?  iqjon,  ^121   (§182).' 

e)  To  lengthen  artificially  a  short  word;  e.  g.,  5<^1S  mouth, 
55n>5  father. 

f)  To  preserve  a  short  vowel;  e.  g.,  iXy^}  tongue,  Arab.  jjLlJ, 
^^nin^n  bridge,  Assyr.  tituru. 

g)  Doubling  is  retained  at  the  end  of  a  word  in  Pi^  thou,  in 
the  pronominal  ending  of  the  participle,  ri'^"-2i<  thou  sayest,  and  in 
^■i  Rabbi,  usually  pronounced  ^"1  .* 

iThe  Assyrian  equivalent  is  amurrfl  (c/.  Jensen,  2.4.,  X.,  339  83.)  auJ  ^xl'^  stands 

for  if^ms . 

2  TG.,  ed.  Harkavy.  §49,  has  ^ib  for  n^5  Lamed.    Xl^  to  see  may  also  be  connectoJ 

^  V    ¥  t     r  T     I 

with  the  Syriac  >C5  , 

3  The  transcription  of  proper  names  in  the  old  versions  and  in  Josephus  shows  us  a 
number  of  similar  cases ;  e.g.,  Saddflk,  AbessalOm,  Abennfir,  Annftn,  for  pHS  .  ClbC'^SS!;. 
-i;-i3j{ ,  r;y  or  ^2n.  But,  in  cases  like  AbossalOm  and  AbonnSr,  the  versions  may  have 
taken  themto  be  composed  of  ]1X  (=  "jZl)  +3ibtj  or  '\Z  . 

i  Cf.  NOldeke,  SG.,  §  23,  H.    ^  "^ 


16  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§45 

Resolution  of  Doubling. — §  45.  To  judge  from  the  cognate 
dialects,  resolution  of  doubling  must  have  frequently  taken  place. 
In  a  case  of  resolution,  the  preceding  short  vowel  was  either 
dropped,  or  lengthened,  or  retained  intact  by  the  insertion  of  a 
liquid.  In  the  case  of  vowel-lengthening  we  can  only  know  that 
a  resolution  has  taken  place  when  the  vowel  changes  its  quality, 
as  from  pn^H  to  ^^^ ,  or  from  TX\^  to  yp)^ ,  not  otherwise. 

Insertion  of  Consonants. —  Insertion  of  a  Liquid. — §46. 

a)   5J:  5<Ti3/JS;  nut. 

6)  :  :  ^rr^  "feast;  i^'llSS  pot;  ^rTj^  to  roll;  ^'^^'j^t^  ^'«ce- 
roy,  Pers.  ustadar,  and  other  words. 

c)  n:  In  the  so-called  Par' el  forms:  bn^  to  shake,  b^"}^  to 
mix,  D^'^3  to  cut,  pT^Tl  to  imprison,  nS"!!!  to  let  hang  doivn, 
t:nn^  to  stretch  oneself  flat,  ir3"iS  or  llip^Jp  to  strike,  tingle, 
i<n^3^3  or  SniZJp^p  shepherd's  hell,  i^rTJiii"]^  clod,  )X\PrP^  school- 
hoy,  "pp"!^p  crop,  craiv.^ 

Note. — In  words  of  foreign  origin  IT  seems  to  be  similarly 
inserted:  ^pTlS  he  searched,  Mandaic  the  same;  5<S3"ir^i<  saddler, 

Assyr.   askapu  =  Arab    oo  ! ;  cf  Assyr.  iskaru  =  ikkaru= 
i<^2)i5  peasant,  all  before  a  A'-sound. 

^  insertion  of  t^ . — §47.  A  H  is  sometimes  inserted  in  short 
words  in  order  to  make  them  triconsonantal.  Thus  '^"2^  fathers, 
parents,  plural  of  ^^n^^ ;  i<n'pi<  hond-maid;  ^n?^i<  the  status  of 
hond-maid;  ^nVs  flashes  (i/^bj),  J^HSD  mint;  'Hblf  end;  i^l^rrim 
flanks;  i^VrtlZi^  mothers. 

Insertion  of  a  Semivowel. — §48.  In  the  plural  of  the  noun  1 
or  "^  is  in   a  few   cases  inserted  before   the   ending  of  i<n-  to 

avoid  an  hiatus.^ 

assimilation. 

§  49.  A  consonant  may  be  assimilated  to  a  preceding  or  fol- 
lowing consonant  either  entirely  or  partially.  In  the  latter  case 
the  partially  assimilated  consonant  may  influence  the  adjoining 
consonant  so  that  the  resulting  assimilation  is  reciprocal. 

Complete  Assimilation.  — %^().  1.  The  S  is  progressively 
assimilated  in  the  reflexive  stems  of  verbs  H'S  —  frequently  in 

1  Cf.  Fleischer  in  Levy's  Diet.,  IV.,  484  6. 

2  Cf.  Sachau,  Skizze  des  FeUlcM-Dialekts  von  Mosul,  p.  15. 


§50]  CONSONANTS.  17 

the  Ithpe'el,  more  rarely  in  the  Ithpa"al.'  Thus,  '^■-^l^5  2vas  said, 
*lCrii<  ivas  forbidden,  HDrii^  he  sighed,  5<"i'jnX  ivas  said,  ^SPi'i^ 
ivas  healed,  ^Tb^^'H  that  have  been  born  (Ned.  30&),  ''';2i3n"'b 
to  cheer  oneself  up  with  wine  (Meg.  7  6,  Col.  MS.  r^1C2^J^b), 
^bipbpb  (M.  MS.  Er.  -lOrt,  eds.  ^bipbp"5^b),  nnbi^  on  the  spot,  at 
once,  for  "llnU^  bs< .  In  the  last  word  the  b  is  not  doubled.  "5<"^ 
whence  for  '^^'2  ,  from  "N;  "p  ;  ^^rnn  a  proper  name  for  5<rn"l  == 

2.  n  is  regressively  assimilated  in  '^T'A  they,  "'jJl  these, 
"in'^^jl  their  being  dispersed  (eds.  A.  Z.,  10  6),  ^tl^briipp  you 
are  tired  (A.  Z.,  726);  ^'iZ'Vi)^  to  cut  to  p)ieces. 

3.  n  is  assimilated  in  JJ^MCp  bath  (orig.  i<n^tD'^ ,  §90); 
5^3-2  shovel,  ^nrsibizi^b  O.  MS.,Sabb.  98  6,  i/",rib'^  ;  iJ^Pn  below; 
i^n^3  a  certain  dish  (  =  J5Mn^3). 

4.  V  is  assimilated  in  !j^""'2n'^!J^  was  done.  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  60a, 
j.'ii  seven,  which  stands  for  jloJ*  =  sabbu  =  sab'u.  Similarly 
oJn  nine,  V.  L.  Taan.  13  6,  for  tissu  =  tis'u.^     !}53!Sl  hyena,  for 

^ys5<  (§27).    ^rj^  (  =  ^-^3r\^)  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  6rt6,  14  6, -^rn 

ibid.  20  6;  "'l^'''^  t6K/.   18  6.      By  progressive  assimilation  ^^"^^"^ 
ferry,  'sX^'^ilZ  ferry-man. 

5.  b  is  assimilated  in  many  forms  of  the  verb  pbo  to  go  up, 
ascend :  pD^b ,  pD'Pl ,  for  pbc^b ,  pbc^n  ;  in  -i<  uimn  (§  170) ,  snp-T 
sharp-shooter  y  pwT  or  pbl . 

6.  D  is  assimilated  in  Pli^  than,  '^7\)^  ye,  J^nm  woman,  5<E5< 
face,  ^T'S  goat,  ii^n^la^^  flute,  ^'PCd  year,  b^iop  on  account  of, 
"ipC"^  V.  L.  Pes.  3  6,  in  verbs  j"3  ,  and  in  verbs  5"b  before  !5<j",  "j"; 

also  in  ~'2  from. 

7.  1  is  assimilated  in  ^^ij^j  heap,  M.  MS.,  Er.  116,  b5^p  first, 
^12p  before,  i^ri'i  six,  ]'':r^-^\ixty;  -^^  until   (§182). 

""8.  n  is  assimilated  in  "^t:^p5  ye  hold,  eds.  Pes.  110  6;  t^'P^'^^ 
J  put  him  under  the  ban,  M.  Q.  17  a;  n^Di^  hast  pleased,  gull 
137  6;  5^r5<  there  is  (i^3  n^iJ^)  i^rb  (s/c)  //«m^  /s  no^ 
(  =  ^3  ri"'5<  !J^b);  in  the  reflexive  stems  not  ''"V  or  '''SO  before 
dentals  or  sibilants,  and,  by  analogy,  before  all  consonants:  "SrS 

IC/.  Haupt,  SFO.,  10,  1;  AEV.,  10. 
2  Cf.  Haupt,  SJ'ft.,  10  1. 


18  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§^1 

ivas  sold,  ■^nrjJ^  took  heed,  i^Z^'^^i^  icas  persuaded,  "n^iUn'S  theij 
made  profit,  a.  o. 

9.  '2  is  assimilated  in  Ji^yP  merchant,  Assyrian  tamgaru; 
l!<b-"n"J5  artisan,  Assyrian  dimgallu,  witli  prothetic  H  and 
inserted  "i ;  J^wbti' =  ][v^.-  Assyr.   salamtu. 

Partial  Assimilation. —  §  51.  a)  5<  is  partially  assimilated  to 
t:.  :i  and  t,  and  becomes  '$  in  ^"'^t:  Arab.  (Tc^^)-  "3'''>^  tanners, 

TT-  A^/..    T- 

5<^":i"  pof/  i<b-^3'  a  measure^' 

h)  r*  is  assimilated  to  w  in  ^^"'Ti'S  joist,  Assyr.  gusuru. 
D  to  T  and  H  in  ;}<n^:<^jT  cjlass.  Heb.  n"^:7  ;  X:b---»  for  ^5:b"ri3 
a  certain  bird,     p  to  1  in  !J5riJI''13  tioist,  v  "f^p -'^ 

c)  JTi  is  partially  assimilated  to  T  in  the  reflexive  stems  of 
verbs  "'£ :  ^rTH"^  he  tootc  heed,  p"p'nT^5<  he  attended,  and  with- 
out transposition  Itii'lK  it  seemed  sjnall,  'En  Ya'aq.  Sanh.  95  a. 
To  b  and  n  :*  in  H^d^M  hod,  55^1:^7  small  (§56),  ^^i:"Z  name 
of  a  place.  To  :i  :  in  Jj^p'^^i:  excuse,  "^riliu  ichite  spot,  and  in 
verbs  !2"S  :  T|^1tilk"'l^  icas  necessary,  '^yx^^'^i^  he  grieved.  To  T  : 
in  nnt3  to  2^ress-    "To  1:  in  b;nb^Tr;b,' Aifksi  B.  B.  8  a.'     To  p: 

in  bi:p  to  kill,  i^TX^p  small,  «l^"ajTp   truth. 

(?)  C  is  assimilated  to  a  liquid  in  5J5b"i"  cradle,  "^'p  proud,^ 
Reeiprocid  Assimilation. —  §52.  a)  Here  belong  i<ii7-  or  J^jTp 
(§92),  Hebrew  TjC-  and  r»T*»  ,'  C  first  assimilated  to  "«  ,  then  1' 
to  7.  Similarly  Ny73  for  i^SHH:  hnndlc.  But  they  may  also  be 
two  parallel  forms.  In  !J5"17  outfit,  Assyr.  ^ub&tu,  zubatu. 
dress,  '1  is  assimilated  to  2 ,  then  STl  to  7  ,  2  becomes  1 .  P.Z^  to 
prepare  still  occurs  as  variant  to  "^7 . 

1  Cf.  Fraenkel,  69. 

-'C/.  Palestinean  Z'CJ  Ap''-  '>f  ~"iI2  ;  Ti'Crt:"  snmethintj  to  tai^te,  H'lZZT  f!'nik. 
*li"'C2"  KImU-v,  'j'Xr  'lir/'stioii.  T'^'u^y  (caraAvffi?,  '."['^j,^  white.    In  later  litoratulo  rS37 

-•I-  1..  'I-  Ti-  -:• 

concerns.    .A.rab.  ,.»«.AiLw.i  Axr<iU)n.     .VssimUation  of  3  to  y  occurs  in  HZli"  retention. 

•     1 

<C/.  Hartli,  ES..?jC,sq. 

■•  Cf.  Targ.  and  Syr.  bsllTX  .     In  later  Hebrew  I  have  met  witli  ^;.-7t!:7:  . 

I    ^  ^  t"' 
'^7T'''^t3  or  'jD''''I3  is  in  form  and  etymology  identical  with  Arab.   jjv.aw.a-^,   from 

iCuUf   to  lir  out  of  mind.    For  the  d(<velo|>mont  of  nieaniriir  rf.   "*."'n^  jn-nwl    anil    Arab. 

wi^aJ\m/'    to  lie  insane, 
:  Cf.  Barth,  £S.,  33,  .".l. 


§55]  CONSONANTS.  19 

h)  A  sonant  and  a  surd  sometimes  change  to  a  surd  and  a 
sonant.  n"*i"\  snlplmr  (Hebrew)  appears  as  ri""i23  .  The  pro- 
nunciation v.'as  probably  in  both  cases  alike.' 

DISSIMILATION.''' 

§  53.  In  words  containing  two  identical  or  similar  sounds  one 
of  them  is  usually  dissimilated  when  the  word  is  in  frequent  use. 

1.  b  dissimilates  to  1  in  i<nb^ii"I2  pepper,  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  7  h; 
to  J  in  X-Pij  hread;  ^ibn^S /o  (§177);  to  1  in  ^5Tb3"3  slice, 
&<nb";2'^;}<  ividoiv  (through  an  intermediate  *>5rib"-bj5  ) ;  but  the 
stem  liiay  be  b"^^  ;  ^iSTi'^bl"'-"  mixture  of  white  and  black. 

2.  D  dissimilates  to  n  in  "^"[^n  ,  V^'^n  tivo  (but   i<T:r\  seco7id) . 

3.  ^  dissimilates   to  b  in    xbla^in  loild  ox;  sb""y  rocl<et. 

T  T    :  T     •   :  - 

4.  ~  dissimilates  to  T\  in  Hi^ri'^r^S  the  Baadadean.     To  b  in 

T    T   -  ;   - 

TTJ'y^l  ^l^  p2'^^5<b  that  I  should  he  connected  luith  his  descend- 
ants.    M.  MS.,  Pes.  49  «. 

5.  t:  dissimilates  to  V\  in  ^^Jn'tsi!:!  sjxirJx,  alongside  of  X^^tJili. 

VANISHING    OF    CONSONANTS. 

§  54.  a)  Initial  consonants.  U^  is  dropped  in  "In ,  t^lTj  one, 
&5^n  another,   and  in   the    imperative  of  !J<ni<  to  come  and  bli^ 

to   CJO.^ 

D  is  dropped  in  some  forms  of  the  imperative  Qal  of  verbs 
J '2 ,  following  the  analogy  of  the  imperfect. 

§55.  6)  Within  the  word.  ^5  is  elided  in  contractions:  Trh 
there  is  not,  from  ri"i^  i<b  ;  "fb"  those,  from  7 bx  J^n.  It  quiesces 
in  a  preceding  vowel:  J<n-"]'in  form,  from  J5n""^iJlin  ;  S-r")  imld 
bidl  i^Z'n  head,  especially  in  i< 'I  verbs.  It  is  also  elided 
in  the  adjective  ending  n^"   (§82). 

n   is  syncopated  in  *n'"  ,  '^j"'Pl   (§^^4). 

n  quiesces  in  a  preceding  vowel  in  i<"Vi  favoring,  U^lHVJJ 
sprout,  ":J<  ive,  ^TlH  one  another,  ^j^"u:";^S  a  certain  bird  =  Assyr. 
aharsanu,  or  ahursanu,  Syr.  }lIio,  Arab.  ^jl^Vy  ringdove. 
It  is  syncopated  in  ^nifl  beneath,  below. 

1  Cf.  Hani't.  BA.,  I.,  3;   W.  B.  H.  {Hebraica,  I.,  231). 

2  Cf.  Haupt,  AEV.,  XII.,  17-20;  W.  B.  H.  (Hebraica,  I.,  224  sq.). 

3  Cf.  Hebr.  "in  ,  'ZT\'  ;  Arab,  jj^  ,  vX  ;  Syriac  p-  ,  ]-^  .  waJ  . 


20  n.  PHONOLOGY  [§^^ 

§  56.  5?  quiesces  in  a  preceding  vowel  in  some  verbs  whose 
second  stem-consonant  is  V :  "p'H  to  stick  in,  fl^'l  to  exude,  "1*0 
to  visit,  *Tin  to  be  awake  (secondary  root  of  *i^>'),  "^S'  to  double, 
Arab.  lJa^  .  It  quiesces  also  in  a  few  verbs  ^'"2  :  12"'?^  to  do, 
Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  60  a,  Dp'^/J  to  pronounce  incorrectly,  Ned.  16  a, 
and  in  nt:^T  small,  from  11:^7  = '^nS^T  (§  56),  i.  e.,  ^JT  with  infixed 
n .  It  is  syncopated  in  ^^p5<  ring,  JJ^ria^T  bread,  and  quiesces 
in  the  compound  numerals  ^C^ln  eleven,  ID'^IIH ,  twelve,  etc. 
(§136).     In  "|j!il  MJe  «;a/nf,  Col.  MS.  Tiob.  passim,  for  "5^!II  • 

§  57.  J  is  lost  in  J<1^T  pair,  scissors,  and  ""^iSs  at,  upon  (§  174). 
The  g  in  this  case  first  became  g'^,  then  the  separate  elements  g  or 
M  were  lost.'     Perhaps  belong  here  "JJSli:  and  "iT^ir  ? 

§58.  b  quiesces  in  "^/pip  KaXaixdptov,  M.  MS.,  Sabb.  80  «. 

"1  quiesces  in  the  preceding  vowel  in  ^Zp^])  worms,  V''p'^p ,  iu 
the  compound  i^^rn  for  i!Cy_  n"2l  (or  origin.  iT^l^  from  ;jCTT  "i^), 

and  in  ^^^12^  fsatj. 

)2  is  dropped  in  a  few  participles  of  Pa" el:  "^^21123  trim  the 
vine,  B.  M.  73  o;  ir^^n^^  Yeb.  416;  ^pbo  M.  MSVb.  Q.  48  a; 

'  It     •    :      -  '  •  :  - 

■ij"'^'np  Pes.  53  b,  and  others. 

It     •     :'- 

3  is  syncopated  in  Pl^nilij/J  makes  water  [sibi). 

§  59.  1  is  dropped  in  1^*^^  ear.  (If  Fleischer's  opinion  given 
in  Levy's  Neiih.  Wb.,  III.,  312  6,  that  "I  interchanges  with 
1  is  true,  then  i^:^5^  may  come  from  ^JI^J^^U^J-^wS ).-'  In  my_ 
sorb-busli,  for  i^ln'n'^T  .^ 

§  60.  c)  Final  consonants,  b^ ,  1  and  ''  quiesce  in  the  pre- 
ceding vowel  in  stems  (K"b  ,  T'b  and  ^"b  .  The  two  former  then 
pass  into  "^'b  .  The  "^  appears  in  a  few  forms,  especially  before 
suffixes,  n  and  y  are  generally  retained,  but  are  treated  in  a 
few  verbs  and  nouns  like  2J^ .  Thus,  IS;"*  =  HD^  to  rumble,  "$  in 
U^^23  mild,  5<''"l"K  argument,  "72  to  break,  ""212  to  sink,  "'"IS  to 
ivound,  ^C3  /o  spoil,  ^S'i  to  slant,  ^p"d  to  sink,  ^irZX^'J:^  to  have 
identified. 

1  This  phenomenon  is  frequent  in  Indo-European  languages.  Cf.  also  Fraenkel,  op.  cit. 
XXII.,  107. 

2  For  a  change  of  T  to  S.  c/-  Praetorius,  BA.,  I.,  44,  and  Maclean,  §  106. 

3  Perhaps  also  in  the  Palostinoan  proper  name  S?nb"'  fur  S{r~5^  rldld,  ai  in  Syriac. 
But  it  may  also  bo  a  shortening  of  XP^"";!?  or  coutractiou  uf  iCp"!?'^  •    <'/■  also  §§  116. 113. 


§67]  CONSONANTS.  21 

§  61.  "I  quiesces  in  some  forms  of  the  imperfect  and  impera- 
tive Qal:  !5<:r5<,  i^-rn ,  i<:rb,  ^'l^Z;  K-r.S,  1  T-i<  to  say:  In 
H^TIJ  he  sent,  M.  MS.,  Ber.  42a,  «:p  he  locked,  H.  MS.,  B.  M., 

86  a;  in  ^tD^T  small,  ''12H  Ashcr;  perhaps  also  in  "ri'^S  is  siq^ier- 
fliious,  but'this  may  be  "p^^i^  (M.  MS.,  Sabb.  61rt).'" 

§  62.  b  is  dropped  in  some  forms  of  b'i^  to  go:  J57&5  he  went, 
M.  MS.,  B.  M.  101  h,  103  h,  CoL  MS.,  Pes.  Ill  b;  ;kS!  he  goes.  Col. 
MS.,  Pes.  110  5;  ^r3  let  Mm  go,  K.  MS.,  Mem.  2  a;  ^T  go.  Col. 
MS.,  Pes.  104  b:  In  Hi,])'^  he  tool;  Qidd.,  81  b,  M.  MS.,  A.  Z.  3  a; 
^'p;^  takes,  MSS.  Sukk.  52  b.     In  ^bp  for  b"bp  light. 

§  63.  3  is  dropped  in  the  dual  and  plural  of  verb  and  noun, 
•'"in,  ":n,  ^mr\,  two,  ^r^^-Z  two  hundred,  ^^'liH,  they  say,  ^n 
between,  ^3  for  "S ,  ^"H ,  ":!  for  '^^^',  5<jp  for  "i^rj  (§90).  The 
feminine  plural  ending  'v  loses  its  3  only  in  one  case:  m22ri"'b 
they  may  be  caught,  M.  MS.,  Sabb.  13  b. 

§61.  T  is  dropped  in  5^2^^''^  for  "nr'n   (§159).' 

T\  is  dropped  in  ^21  house,  !J<!IlaJ  Sabbath,  week;*  in  the  abso- 
lute   state    of    feminine    nouns:    "'"in^J^    or   ■'"ImIU^  another,  ^TCi^ 

•  :  -t:     T  '  :  . 

matrimony;  is  not  retained  even  before  suffixes  in  P1^"Im5<j  to  do 
it  late,  Sabb.  119 a,  nrc)5<b  to  heal  him,  T'ijT^jb'fo^ry  them, 
Rasi  Sanh.  101  b;  and  is  usually  apocopated  in  the  sing.  fern,  of 
verbs  in  the  participles  and  the  perfect. 

§65.  D.  is  apocopated  in  ^n  again,  J^'1'3  bleiv,  MSS.,  B.  M. 
85  6,  86  a,  Rasi  Taan.  21a;  'CJ  warnes, 'Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  3  6, 
T3  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  5  a. 

§  66.  12  is  dropped  in  many  forms  of  D^p  to  stand:  ^p'^i^,  ^p''P  , 
^p^b,  ^p^;;  ^p  stand  thou.  Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  25  6,  M.  MS.,  Sanh. 
95  a;  ^^5p ,  iXD ,  stands;  tXj^y  I  stand,  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  19  a,  HC^zi'l 
I  explain,  ibid.  Pes.  90  a;  HTi'^pli^  I  explained  it,  ibid.  M.  Q.  25  a. 
Here  the  suffixed  forms  are  derived  from  the  apocopated  forms. 

Transposition  of  Consonants. — §67.  !J<1in:a,  Jj^lnTIH  desola- 
tion; Jj^nTJ,  ^'HTJ  loater-course ;  JJ^CSt: ,  J^iiC  chest;  i^Z^TZ  , 
^b^S^p;  «^j^n,  i^^l^S,  shuttle;  and  others. 

T  *•  T  ;  T    t 

1  Cf.  S'aX  saijs,  'Anan,  quoted  by  Harkavy  in  MWJ.,  189.3,  p.  22.5. 

2  The  verb  5{TK  fo  heat  is  perhaps  an  Aph'cl  of  57i?-  For  the  development  of  meaning 
cf.  Hebrew  nb^n  ,  p^T^  ,  and  Syriac  n^TS  •    Cf.  also  §  37. 

3C/.  XlSJinS  TG.,  ed.  Harkavy,  §  181. 
*  Cf.  C.  Levias,  AJP.,  XVI.,  34. 


22  n.    PHONOLOGY  [§68 

B.    VOWELS. 

Imale. — Pathah. —  §  68.  Original  d  in  closed  and  intermediate 
syllables  frequently  changes  to  i  (or  e).    Thus,  i<nC^E  Passover, 

t^^'j:^  meat   H^lxSfi:    Satan,  ^b:*^"l  foot,  iXnm  floiir,  ^^^2^1  time, 

t;«  t;*  t;»  t;'»  t.* 

^ri3''ii  garden;^  in  the  prei'ormatives  of  the  imperfect  Qal;  in  the 

T  :    •  w 

first  syllable  of  the  perfect  Pa' el  when  the  second  stem-consonant 
is  1  or  a  guttural:  e.  g.  Ziy  brought  near,  'OT'C  lessened,  B.  Q. 
51  h;  "^T'^  vexed  Qidd.  70  b,  Ned.  62  a;  IliTD  separated  himself, 
Sot.  4  6;  On^w  roared,  Pull.,  59  6;  in  the  second  stem-syllable 
of  the  imperfect  in  Pa^el  n^JTl'n^b  let  him  lower  it,  Sabb.  67  a; 
rijp^llb  let  him  cool  her  off,  B.  B.  7-i  b;  in  the  enclitic  pronoun 
n^DuT'/ias/  bought,  B.  M.  51a,  Trhpp^  hast  killed,  ibid.  59  6; 
n^iSTp  sellest,  ibid.  72  a,  n^"iriD  breakest  down,  B.  B.  4  a;  in 
the  perfect  n^iJ^^n^  placest,  B.  Q.  114  a;  in  the  first  syllable  of 
the  Aph'el  n:i:r7J'ni^ri  taught,  A.  Z.  3  6,  ^b?^"?"l  ^^^"^  ^'^'  s^*o"^» 
B.  B.  5  a;  ^Diri'i'^xb  /o  wa/cc  water,  B.  B.  19  6;  ^SiCS^^^b  to  make 
unfit,  Pes.  15  6  (fragm.  ed.  by  Lowe). 

Long  Qdmeg. —  §69.  Original  long  'prP,  ^^  ^^^^^^  changes  to 
e  (or  l).  Usually  so  when  a  has  arisen  in  consequence  of  the 
quiescing  of  an  i^  :  bm,  ^:j^n,  b^TT},  bST^  ,  Tr:j  ,  Cj":  ,  from 
original  b^'^^n*,  n:^l<n*,  b^Ii^ri^S  bSbJi:^*,  1-iv<?:*,  C5«-:*  (prima- 
rily '&in,"'^^i2);  koJ^^  /<ewZ'  for  &^'|«'1*;  "bp'^'P  mf.  of  bp'i 
to  weigh,  he  worth,  Ar.'"l8  6;  ^"]";3'''f  /o  s/«%,' Hor.  12  «;  ^"^."ITO 
inf.  from  mn  /o  r^^it?'n,  Ar.  23  a;  ^ri^n,  ^ri"J!j  W6?«,  B.  M.  73  a; 
^nnrn  ly/u'/e,  ^n:j3^5<  6/acA%  ^nn^  Sfreai,  ^nS^^T  sma/Z,  and  other 
words  like  them!'  ^t:^7  smail^  ^T'^T'?  2/^^"^  vessels,  garments, 
M.  MS.,  Pes.  Ill  6; '"^r;^"!  are 'frisky,  Sabb.  32  a;  ^rr^pa-'TZJ 
their  deceased  j^arents  or  relatives,  B.  M.  70  a;  TT^r^^  man.     So 

also  in  the  infinitives  ^bi'jp ,  ^bii2p ,  "bit2p^ ,  "^"itapn^ ,  'bi^pn^^ 

(§  223).;  and  jjcrhaps  in   the   plural  ending  of  the  verb  '{"-  for 
"|7.-*     A  kind  of  imal6  is  diphthongization  (§80). 

1  Somo  of  those  forms  may  be  roRiilar  >)y-forms. 

2  Barth  takes  the  onditiK  ip  to  be  identical  with  the  pronominal  element  wo  find  in  the 
Ethiopic  pronoun  ie'etl  {ZDMG.  46,  688,  n.  1).  In  Mandaic  this  appears  as  tS  (Xoeldoke^ 
MG.  1.54) ;  in  Palmyroan  it  has  the  form  niTl   (Hal6vy,   Mahhereth,  p.  n"C)  ;   in  Arabic 

_J  ,   io  ,        g'<  ,   Li  .    But  how  would  this  theory  explain  the  masculine  form  "^rilF1 1    It 
is  noteworthy  that  this  ending  "ip  appears  only  in  adjoctivos.  ^^ 

3  So  in  Modem  Arabic  the  nominal  ending  i—  is  pronounced  i,  such  forms  as  ^^s 
are  pronounced  rami,  cf.  also  tlio  transcription  of  Aramaic  P.  I,  by  Arabic  d  (Fraonkol, 
op.  cit.,  XVII.).    For  a  similar  change  in  Amharic,  cf.  Praotorius,  Amhar.  Sprache.  p.  23. 


§73]  VOWELS  23 

Obscuration  of  A. — §70.  The  obscuration  of  rt  to  0.  so 
characteristic  of  Hebrew,  is  rare  in  the  Tahniul.  i^'^'im  sfudjj, 
silD^''rii''ai"iB  your  weekly  lessons,  Ber.  8  b;  5<nilj^  myriods,  K.  MS., 
Sanh.  2G  a  {his) ;  '^i'Z  my  lord,  P.  MS.,  Ber.  586.'  The  nominal 
ending  an  is  at  times  obscured  to  6  or  ft  under  the  intluence  of 
the  n.  H^Z'^'ZZiK  dried  ears  of  corn;  N:i"i"Js  bed-room,  i^ZTZZ 
trial. 

Vocalic  Epenthesis. — §T1.  The  final  vowel  i  of  the  first 
com.  and  the  2.  fem.  sing,  and  the  final  ft  of  the  3.  masc.  plur.  of 
the  perfect  influence  their  preceding  vowel  and  are  themselves 
apocopated.  Thus,  qat(a)l(a)ti  becomes  qat(a)lait,  and 
contracted  q(a)t(a)let,  or  q(a)t(a)llt,  n"bt:p  or  I^"'pwP  • 
Similarly,  the  perfect  q(a)t(a)lu  ^bpp  becomes  q(a)ta"l  con- 
tracted to  q(a)t6l  bi'Lip  (§§232,  243).'  The  pronominal  suffixes 
akhi  thine  (f.),  akha  thine  (m.)  and  ahi  his,  become  a'kh, 
a^kh,  a^h  and  contracted,  T|~,  T^T ,  ^^ .  The  last  form  ahi 
for  ahu  or  ihu,  is  due  to  analogical  influence.  An  equivalent 
form  ihu  became  by  transposition  uhi  (c/.  "ri^-S;  his  father) 
and  in  analogy  of  the  latter  such  a  form  of  ahi  was  formed. 

Influence  of  Consonants  on  Vowels. — §72.  The  quiescence 
of  one  of  the  consonants  i^  ,  ^,  ^  ,  Tl ,  r. ,  y,  or  1 ,  lengthens  the 
preceding  vowel.  Thus  w^'ri^  /  say  (for  -;^S*) ;  J^'f^";  her 
head  (for  r^ZiT^*)  ":Z  he  iJent  (for  ^:c*  =  sagii);  -ZT'l  to  do 
(for  "ajJ/J);  5^:it  for'nrii  it  rumbled;  "^D^p  for  ^IJp^'p  worms. 
The  same  is  the  case  when  any  other  final  consonant  disappears: 

as  ^^p"J:,  ^-u::,  >5i5<-'n,  for  bp-j;,  zti,  ''::$''  (§159);  "i<  for 

§73.  The  neighborhood  of  an  "  sometimes  produces  imal6: 

^yn"«  four,  "^"ic^nn  eleven  (= ^f'li^-r;),  "c^:^-:^^  (y^'z-x). 

■^C^ri'i   (  "S  )XP\'Z).      On  the  other  hand,  "I  and  the  gutturals  H. 
n,  2?  change  a  preceding  short  vowel   e,   i,  or   n,  to  a:  "ZI  so}i 

(^n),  vri^n  two,  ("rnn*),  ^"rb  he  says,  (^'rb*),  :?t  hwws. 

I^y:  is  late,  '')'2^  says,  ^27  slaughters,  with  a  for  i.     But  !J^""^^n 
I'say  (for  ^'f'2^)  and  «:rzir  I  was  satisfied.  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  7  6. 

'  (/•  TTC  -  UG-^  10".  •*!"•  Still  the  "1  in  some  cases  may  simply  donoto  f'TCp  >  "«*■  D^IPI- 
Cf.  b-iT^: ,  TG.  ed.  Casscl.  41 ;  is'i'O'u:  .  ''"'d-  ■*!.  «"<J  f^-  Hoffmann,  2D.VG.  32,  737. 

2  Jastrow,  s.  v.  122  ,  reads  Nidd.  56  a  T^SS  I  swept,  which,  in  his  opinion,  stands  for 
''HSS  •  But  this  is  a  mistake.  As  is  evident  from  the  next  page,  we  have  here  ~^33 ,  •5- 
person  for  1.,  a  frequent  occurrence  in  the  Talmud. 


24  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§'^'^ 

§  74.  The  neighborhood  of  a  labial  or  of  a  liquid  obscures  at 
times  a  (or  i)  to  li  (or  o).  This  phenomenon  is  more  frequent 
in  the  cognate  dialects.'  !Ji"'2^ii  man  (already  in  Bibl.  Aram.), 
X"l'2"i"    honey,    ^^"£^3    rme/'5<^^I<    leaven,    H^Tn'Zin   date-palm, 

t:  t;  t  t,— 

5<r^2Ti  a  weaving,  Sabb.  58  a,  5<b^r:  shade,  i^bb^J^  wine-pressing, 
sb'S*^:?  rain-shoiver,  ^"ri'^^Q  grain  of  seed,  ^Yp^it^  the  young 
of  a  'gazelle;'  ri'Jip^'J  inf.' Qal  of  ^IDp  to  he  difficult,  Yeb.  40  a; 
nn^3  Pers.  katah,  a  certain  dish.^ 

Note. —  In  D^B  mouth,  we  have  an  original  nominative  ^5 
-1-mimation.  In  the  first  syllable  of  5^b^T"^^K  we  have  an  attempt 
to  render  the  Arabic  i  . 

Fluctuating  Vocalization. — §  75.  Some  words  fluctuate  in 
their  vocalization,  and  it  is  impossible  to  tell  which  is  the  original 
form.  Thus  U^brJ^  iveb  appears  also  as  ^5bn5< ,  i<nb^r>5 ,  iJ<nb]^5^ 
or  U^nbl^i^,  and'i^'nb^ni^  ;  5^b:i^::  a  kind 'of  doves,  k^nri'fy, 
appear  also  as  Xbli^:!,  !J<^""''^ ,  and  similarly  many  other  words. 

Shortening  of  Long  Vowels  in  Closed  Syllables. — §  76. 
In  the  traditional  pronunciation  long  vowels  in  closed  syllables  are 
shortened.  This  is  most  marked  in  the  case  of  V^Jp  as  it  differs 
from  nriS  also  qualitatively  in  Ashkenasic  pronunciation.  Thus, 
X^nn  ,  "p'ri^  are  pronounced  55"^nn  ,  '"^'2^  • 

Compensatory  Lengthening. — §77.  Compensatory  lengthen- 
ing takes  place  in  ^^brrj  (§§77,  90),  ^2"\S  a  proper  name,  for  ^nX 

(=Arab.  oT),  .ST-n  liar,  (^Jli^in;  c/.§77),  ^"3"":?  its  branches, 
M.  MS.,  Pes.  111?>,  for  VT-^S  =  XT^p  of  eds.;  Xry\,  for  ^iH^^rirri 
(§  119) ;  ri^j^b^-^Tn  thai  the]}  may  "lift  him  up,  2  M.  MS.,  M.  Q.  28  b, 
for  H'^^bTn  ;'"'  U^IQljiS  star  (through  an  intermediate  kakkabu); 
Sn^rii:!"  trumpet;  ^'y^'ii'^'^  chain;  ^bp"3  partridges;  ^'l^^'l  or 
i^b::-::  a  kind  of  doves;  ^^Pibp^p  dung-hill;  )^7\h'Z^t  chain;  )^'2'^^'^ 
sesame;  )X2yr\  or  J^^T*^  jly;  )^zh^  palm-branch;  i^rn^ioj  brides- 
man; ^-zriib'i  {=icrbzb'i  gaph'el  of  «n^bib). 

Heightening  and  Depression  of  Vowels. — §  78.  Short  u  is 
heightened  to  o  in  a  final  syllable:  bbplJ^ ,  bbpri .      Long  o  is 

1  It  ninst  bo  romombored  i\\nt  some  of  tlio  forms  with  u  may  be  by-forms. 

2  Cf.  Noeldoko,  MG.,  IT  iiq.,  ZDMG.,  XXII.,  4:<.j ;  Dalman,  op.  cit.,  6"). 

3  Cf.  Fraenkol,  Fnvidw.,  XVII.;  G.  HofTmann,  LCB.,  1881.  Col.  416, 1882,  Col.  320. 
i  Cf.  Nooldokn,  .VG.,  ^Vy. 

^G.  Hoffmann,  '/A)MG.'Sly"A,  cites  Bar  Hobraous  to  Ezr.  16:24,  gaibi'6  for  gabbS 


§80]  VOWELS  25 

sometimes  pronounced  u  as  in  Western  Syriac.  This  is  regularly 
the  case  in  infinitive  forms  "^^tSp ,  ''b^lOp ,  etc.;  in  the  pronouns 

and  pronominal  suffixes  "pPkJ^ ,  '"&< ,  ^n"X  ,  ^Tr,  ^j~;  in  the  per- 
fect with  transposed  final  vowel  b^t2p  (§71);  in  the  names  of 
the  letters  ^V  ,  ",^p  ;  frequently  in  the  plural  endings  of  the  verbs 

^"b:  r.'n,  r.tM<,  etc. 

T  :  - 

Final  e,  e,  if  not  plural  ending,  is  frequently  pronounced  I: 
^nrj^  they,  ^ri"M,  ^rnn,  nao,  etc.,  and  in  a  few  other  cases;  c.  g., 

^T\T\''Zir\  his  tcife,  lit.  the  one  of  his  house. 

Diphthongs. — §  79.  In  diphthongs  whose  second  element  is  "' 
the  latter  has  retained  its  vocalic  force  in  traditional  pronuncia- 
tion; while  in  diphthongs  whose  second  element  is  1  the  latter 
is  pronounced  as  u  or  S .  Thus,  ^H"'';^  house,  U^H^^^riS  last,  are 
pronounced  bait  ho,  bathraitho,  but  iJ^'lIS  roast,  i^'Z^y^  tread- 
ing, iXp^T]  exactitude,  tavyo,  dafso,  dafko. 

Diphthongization. —  §  80.  The  vowels  ?,  e,  a,  change  some- 
times to  ai.  The  vowels  6  and  il  to  aii.  That  an  original  diph- 
thong thus  reappears  is  only  incidental. 

a)  I  and  e:  ^D^";;rr^5  C^"n'^5  I  became  sick,  M.  MS.,  Sabb. 
145  6;  C^^S^';^^  was  satisfied,  B.  Q.  113  6;  'ir'^S^  she  committed 
adultery,  Sanh.  106 «;  b^"l  clear,  Sabb.  23 «  'Aruch;  p^y_ 
pounded,  Bega  14  6;  "p^b  connected,  ^ull.  11  a;  T"]^  hound  up, 
b^^3  measured,  ibid.  105  6;  ^n^^2  are  bound  up,  B.  M.  24  6.  108  6; 
J^d'^^'H  grit;  "pTO  (=b-TO,'fTO  §34)  H.  MS.,  B.B.  8  a..— 
i^b^l^yj^  she  brought  up,  Sabb.  116  6;  ^HCliriJ^  they  were  soiled, 
ibid.  124  6;  iKTy^  I  sow,  Keth.  103  h;  J^^'SH  I  cover,  MSS.  B. 
M.  49  6;  t^r^^i^  i  shall  cut  down,  M.  MS.,  ibid  107  6;  "TTTr^'^Lh 
I  cursed  him.,  B.  B.  21  6;  r.^^sn  thou  buildest,  B.  B.  4  a;  n^^Iib'i 
thou  cursest,  Sabb.  151  h;  n^";t:/^^^  thou  hast  brought,  Ber.  9  6; 
^^ib:?  upon,  Yalq.  MS.,  Y6ma'83  6;  n^;;lb3?  or  rP^;iby  ujwn  him., 
Col.  MS.,  Meg.  la  and  elsewhere;  the  possessive  suffixes  ^iD'^y 
and  ^n^^.' 

6)  d:  ^5^::^';'^  a  kind  of  dove;  "3"5^"3  (  =  "j:£3)  we  are  hungry, 
B.  M.  83  a;  n"'jn^TJ'^^5  as  long  as  they  are  wet  (sibi)  (  =  n^:n"2^S), 
Pes.  1116. 

1  Cf.  IITI ,  TG.,  ed.  Harkavy,  p.  5 ;  ",;iT ,  ibid.,  Zi,  n.  10. 


20  ir.     PHONOLOGY  [§81 

c)  it,  6:  ^^Ti^Zi<  pinnades;  X-1"l"  passage,  habit;  ^bh^)'^ 
skein;  i<"1Ti  thorn;]!i.r\"TTr^  ('  =  Sn"-T^:i)  food;  iXp^Tl  exactness. 

Tirutsposition  of  Diphthongal  Elements. — §  81.  The  elements 
of  a  diphthongized  vowel  are  sometimes  transposed,  the  a-vowel 
being  placed  after  the  i  or  vz-vowel.  In  snch  a  case  the  last  are 
usually  consonantized  and  the  first  lengthened :  "'"li^^l ,  "^l"'"'^  , 
^•^^"•H  orchards;  \^'l'''l'^ ,  i<-l^^-l^  imllet;  Xl^riT,  ^5^■^r;"T^  ^^nnrii^'T 

..      T.  T       •     :  tt:-^  tt-:-  tt-:.  tt-;t: 

rich    landlord;    XD^T^^i: ,    J<r^7^^:2 ,    armory;    Kn^:^n^2 ,   plural 

r    •    I  tt::  t»  •  '- 

Xr":iin"3 , /i??c  linen  shirt;  i^^H^X^'l .  J^'i^lnT^ ,  poker;  -.-^^t: ,  "jS^T^^t: , 

tt:-;-  tt;'  tt:«  't;-It:«- 

proud  fool;  ^"i^rj ,  ^^•^r^5r^ ,  proper  name;  ^i2rC3  (n^siba^ 
nisi  aba),  i^^^'^J,  5<|>5<;3,  viki;;  J^'^IV^J  (n  as  or  a),  ^DKpp,  "3"^5i?p, 
"S^PP;  i5)>^'™  (sarlqa),  nilH':;  (sahor).'  Akin  to  this  is 
the  consonantization  of  the  2t-vowel  in  ^5"b'^TI5 ,  ■"DJJ^bu^lTd   (Syr 

t  T     T    :  •        t  t  ;  -       t/ 

I  X]-  A  )  leivd  woman  (=r>'2in). 

Contraction  of  Vowels. — §82.  cVd  is  contracted  sometimes 
to  Ci.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  adjective  ending.  !*^'Sp 
firsf.  STQ  last,  SZ^'IH  the  Adiabencan,  X2^b  the  Libyan,  J?n^-j: 

t;t  tt;-  t  t- 

silk.    ^0"^^"]    the   Xehardean    (Keth.    54  a,    a.  e.),    i5'^^5<    the 

T  T  :  -  :  ^  '  T    :  - 

heathen  (Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  12  6),  l^-^sp  if  it  mean  the  Cypriote, 
X:""b  above,  ^nnb  below,  beneath;-  :;n  (^'^Z-'^)  Col.  MS.,  Zeb., 

T'-;  T-;  'TT^TTT' 

passim. 

Note. —  Luzzatto's  objection  to  the  explanation  of  J^^D'^^i^  JJ^:!!!!^ 
as  Rabh  of  Arekhd^  falls  to  the  ground,  since  XIj""'^^  might  well 
stand  for  nXlj'^"'!?^ .  Jastrow  in  his  dictionary  vocalizes  !J^!j"'"'U< 
and  explains  it  by  one  irho  arranges  arguments,  a  lecturer.  In 
such  a  case,  however,  we  should  rather  expect  the  word  to  be 
Sl^i^ .  not  Xj'^li^ .  For  although  such  forms  may  be  found  in 
the  Targumim  —  cf.  e.  g.  Levy's  Diet,  on  the  Targ.,  s.  v.  "n3  — 
they  may,  in  every  case,  be  explained  as  scribal  errors,  or  as 
learned  affectations.  And  even  if  the  word  could  be  gram- 
matically defended,  its  extremely  rare  occurrence  (I  know  of  no 
case  in  the  Talmud)  speaks  against  its  being  in  general  use,  and 
it  could  not  have  stood  the  wear  and  tear  of  an  ignorant  populace 

iC/.  MiAnic  (StGD).  D'^''B.  C'^SB.  CX"'B.  """i  XH^CP.  Cf.  also  Assyrian  zi- 
'arftnn,   hi'alAiiti,   for  ztrftnii,   hllAnii. 

-  Witli  tlip  two  last  words,  somo  such  wonl  us  X^3b  Bide  is  to  ho  understood. 
3  0p.cit.,^&lc. 


§85]  VOWELS  27 

through  centuries.     It  will,  moreover,  l)e  observed  that  the  Talmud 

explains  that  .^^oiJ  by  TI^"^X ,   which  is  generally  taken  to  mean 

tnll,  but  which  Dr.  Jastrow  explains  as  wcll-arraiKjed,  well- 
halanced,  thinker.  Whatever  that  may  mean,  and  whatever  we 
may  think  of  the  Talmudists'  etymologizing,  one  thing  is  certain, 
that  they  read  I^l;"^"ii<  as  a  passive  participle.  Nobody  would 
ever  think  of  denying  them  the  knowledge  of  a  correct  pronun- 
ciation of  their  living  mother  tongue;  hence,  any  explanation 
offered  must  be  based  on  the  form  !J<S^"i5< .  For  other  explana- 
tions of  the  name  cf.  Muehlfelder,  JRabh,  p.  1,  note;  Goldammer's 
note  to  his  English  translation  of  Luzzatto's  grammar,  §b4; 
Kohut,  Aruch  Completum,  s.  v.  T^T^SJ^ ;  Weiss,  Zur  Geschichte 
der  jud.  Trad.,  III.,  147,  note  3;  Hehdiug,  ix,  18  sq. 

§83.  Diphthongs  are  usually  contracted  in  verbal  forms:  au 
contracts  to  6;  ai,  to  e,  %  (or  a).  2^niX  he  i^aced,  imx  thoj 
taught,  "in  sees,  "'bn  hangs,  "''H^^FI  throwest,  '^rrV2.  yon  ashed, 
■^^  clean,  ",:>n  loe  want.  Col.  MSS.  passim,  i^ZT'.l'Z  I  pray,  M. 

Ttt  'ttt  tt.; 

MS.,  Ber.  28  a,  and  others.  In  nouns:  !J<b"7''^l^  young  gazelle, 
Syriac  li^^a^ ;  ^Mn^Z"!  his  wife.  In  qatl  and  qatal  forms  it 
is  sometimes  contracted,  but  quite  as  frequently  uncontracted. 
The  later  state  is  probably  due  to  subsequent  diphthongization 

(§80).     Thus  i^n^T  olive,   i<nTJ  death,  b^nin  thorn;  but  i<2""2 

veil    )Xrr'2.   (and    5<n^n)    honse,    SK'i^^'l   inn,    5<r^T   arms,   Ij^bll'n 

bucket.  In  the  plural  ending  ai{d) :  ""j;"i<  men,  ^jZl5<  sto7ies,  "I'iZ 
words. 

Retention  of  Disappearing  and  Insertion  of  New  Vowels. 
— §84.  Pretonic  Qameg.— In  some  cases  original  d  in  an  open 
syllable  before  the  tone  is  lengthened  to  a,  as  in  Hebrew.  Thus 
S^'^iulS ,  Assyr.  gasuru.  Joist  (the  variant  U^ITiTS  corresponds 
to  Assyr.  gustiru);  J^T'Im'.J  Mdhozd;  "'TH  or  "TXH  proper,  jit, 
for  ■■-;  ^Du  itatefal  (Col.  MS.,  Meg.,  vocalizes  hz),  for  ^:C  ; 
r^''^^  necessary,  ior  Tj^"j^ ;  S^:t-12  money j  ^'Zr^TiZ  Magian.' 

§85.  Other  short  vowels  in  open  syllables  are  sometimes 
retained  and  probably  lengthened.     This  is  especially  the  case 

1  C/.Targumic  -jlTp,  TfirTa.  'i1)a')9  (?),  SJnnVJi? ,  "'n'^3-  Most  of  these  nouns  are 
evidently  loan-words  in  which  au  effort  is  made  to  retain  the  original  a  sound.    Cf.  also 


[■  •  £) 


Syriac   jjai^ia  ,   ]  '^  "^  ^ ;  -  ,   ]^sJ_m  ,   all  loan-words.      (A  verb    jj...    in  the  sense  of  the 
Hebrew  niH  to  encamp  does  not  exist  in  any  of  the  Aramaic  languages.) 


28  II.     PHONOLOGY  [§86 

with  verbs  which  retain  at  times  the  full  vocalization  of  the  3d. 
masc.  sing,  in  the  lengthened  forms.  ^pi"l^b  let  them  run  away, 
B.  B.  8  a;  ^ci^jj  let  them  study,  P.  MS.,  Ber.  13  b;  Tt^2^b  let 
them  do,  B.  B.  i56  a;  ny^SS  she  cooked,  Ned.  66  h;  'p^pinS^'b  let 
him  redeem  us,  Sanh.  105  b,  and  others.'     iXlZi-V   deed;   XTG^oJ 

'  '  _  T  T  T  T         . 

document;  iXHTO^'^  megrim;  iJ^CniS  cluster  of  dates.  (But  cf. 
§92.) 

§  86.  New  vowels  are  sometimes  found  which  differ  from  the 
original  in  whose  places  they  stand.  Thus,  the  preformatives  of 
the  imperfect  Pa"el  take  e  or  i:  b''t2p"'N  ,  ^^"i^^Ip  ;  the  preforma- 
tives of  the  imperfect  Qal  in  ^"13?  and  >'">'  stems:  e.  g.,  U^p''T\, 
n"n  ,  ai^n^n  ;  a  nominal  form  like  t^n*]^jiri ;  entirely  new  is  the 
vowel  in  &<"irD!J^  (orig.  abzar),  &<l^rjJ^  berry. 

§  87.  A  number  of  words,  especially  verb-forms,  take  a  pro- 
thetic  vowel  to  facilitate  their  pronunciation.  TloJJf^  he  drayik, 
Sabb.  141  a;  Tl'^)lt>  he  swallowed,  Sukk.  49  b;  p^riTlJ^  he  kept 
silent.  Pes.  lla';'^'l'2'^  he  was  able,  Ned.  ^^3b;''kr'T^  he 
objected,  B.  M.  110  a';  'ji'ii:-^  he  hid  himself,  A.  Z.  70  a;  t^^'n-^ii^ 

she  drank,  Yeb.  65  b;  Mp"r'i'!J^  she  kept  quiet,  Qidd.  13  a;  ^pTl'jiU^ 
they  kept  quiet,  Naz.  32  a,  Sota  35  a/  inaJl!<  drink  ye,  Sabb.  41  a; 
^nx^Zi^  ivait  ye,  Ber.  53  b;  ^t^i<  ivas  spoiled  (§89),  M.  MS.,  Taan. 
7  a;  "7'J^  she  committed  adultery,  K.  MS.,  Sanh.  106  a,  eds.  "T^'^J^ 
(§§80,89);  J5-2nX  blood. 

§  88.  In  some  cases  a  vowel  is  prothetically  added  to  words 
whose  first  consonant  has  a  full  vowel.  In  such  a  case  the  vowel 
of  the  original  first  syllable  is  frequently  dropped,  ^"ilti^  they 
will  divell,  M.  MS.,  Tann.  25  a:  ^n3^"'X  tltey  appointed  him, 
Sanh.  26  a;  «3"}pJ<  poll-tax;  and  others.  "  Cf  §91. 

Loss  OF  Vowels. — §  89.  Original  short  vowels  have  been 
dropped  in  all  probability  to  about  the  same  extent  as  in  the 
cognate  dialects.  Final  long  vowels  have  been  dropped  in  the 
personal  pronouns  and  possessive  suffixes.     ^<D^lJ^^  became  "p:^<* 

and  then  ":&<  (v.  §  94),  n:5<  ,  ns  ,  ^n:i<  ,  ^m  ,  iDecame  n:!j^ ,  ri5<  . 

The  loss  of  final  ft  in  ^n:S ,  ^Fl&<   (v.  §94)  is  exceptional.     In 

'  In  Hebrew  similar  forms  are  found  only  in  pause.    Cf.  also  §230,  note. 

2rn"^,T2^X  H-  M.  84 /<  rlops  not  bolon»f  hero;  it  is  Itliim'Ol.  Cf.  it~'Ta'''0  Keth.  57  6. 
Tlie  protlictic  vowel  in  the  perfect  may  have  been  influenced  by  tlie  imperfect  "t  and  only 
dififcrcntiatpd  orthoRraphically.    Cf.  also  Hominel,  BA.,  TI.,  3.")7. 


§93]  VOWELS  29 

the  enclitic  pronouns  '""'  is  sometimes  found  for  i<!^";  in  the  per- 
fect, the  pronominal  endings  of  the  1st  and  2d  person  sing,  have 
lost  their  final  vowel.  The  final  u  in  the  3d  masc.  plur.  of  the 
perfect  has  been  frequently  dropped  with  coincident  coloring  of 
the  preceding  vowel  (v.  §71).  In  the  other  parts  of  the  verb 
the  loss  of  final  il  is  very  rare.  The  i  of  the  1st  sing  is  gener- 
ally dropped  in  the  objective  suffix,  rarely  so  in  the  possessive 
(v.  §  109).  The  final  vowels  of  the  2d  and  3d  sing,  and  the  1st 
plur.  are  generally  dropped  in  both  possessive  and  objective 
suffixes.'  Also  in  nc"^5  became  bad,  "C^  committed  adulter>j,  r\':.'i^ 
when,  ri"!^  tJio^e  is,  the  final  vowel  is  dropped. 

S;incope  of  Vowels  in  Consequence  of  Resolution. — §  90. 
Resolution  of  doubling  with  syncope  of  vowel  is  found  in  i<n*iJn 

now  (Xri-f-n),  X"^  iche7ice  (■«  ]-)2)f  H^Y'P^  of  itself  {i!^'2  "2); 
b^t:-2«  on  account  of  (brc'2  b?);  "ixbi^  uj^on  (^p).' 

Syncope  of  Vowel  in  Consequence  of  Prothetic  LengtJiening 
of  Word. — §  91.  The  addition  of  a  prothetic  vowel  frequently 
produces  syncope  (§88):  J<S^t2X  lecjf;  J<:<bTX  a  kind  of  alkali; 
t5n£^5  (5<riS)  bread;  i<£-l^  Xi^n^^'^)  matting;  i^Hp'^J^  (^^P"") 
u-rought  metal.  Cf.  "C"5(  and"  ■"^^  (§89).  The  same  thing 
happens  when  a  word  is  lengthened  by  the  addition  of  a  preposi- 
tion; e.  g.,  "U^'^ZX  outside,  '^']j,i^  inside. 

Syncope  of  Vowel  in  Consequence  of  Segholcdization. — §  92. 
i^^lZ'Z,    ii.'^'i^-Z,    icritten   document;    ""^rr^^   ^"irx    men;    i^Pr^'J. , 

T  T    :  T  ;     •  ••;•..  T     "  T  -:  T  ; 

>5ri-b-:f  megrim;  ^"^n ,  ^"^Fl  eight;  ""Pbri ,  "fnb^n  thirty; 
iia^V ,   i<12'^y'  deed,  fact;  XCn3 ,    ^<CZ^3  cluster  of  dates;  and 

TT  T.  *^  tt:t:  " 

many  others. 

Accent. —  §  93.  The  traditional  pronunciation  accents  always 
the  penult  of  a  word.  Prefixed  prepositions  and  conjunctions  do 
not  receive  the  accent. 

1  Vv'hether  the  I  of  the  1st  sing,  of  the  possessive  suffixes  and  the  <l  in  tlie  plur.  of  verbs 
were  pronounced  or  merely  retained  orthographically  in  Talmudic  times  wo  are  unable  to 
decide. 

2  Cf.  Tunisian  Arab,  m  n  I  n . 

3Cy.  Hebrew  ©  for  — tD;  "C  for  —"Q  OTl'^'Q  Ps.  69:9);  H'^IEy'Q  from  his  people 
Tars.  Onk.,  Lev.  21 :14  and  23:29.     Cf.  also  )^2:^\  p^p^il .  T'^n''  -  for  ^nT"! ,  p^I  H  . 


III.  MORPHOLOGY. 

PRONOUNS. A.  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

a.  Independent  Personal  Pronouns. — §  94.  a)  ^j^  I;  PX , 
rarely  n:^^ ,  thou;  ^rri< ,'  i^Ti  he;  ^ri^ii, ,  ^<^n  she;  "D5< ,  rarely 
i<:n:^< , 'ttY-;  :^ni<,  rarely  iiriDX,  !^,nj<,"  n;j}^',  n&<,  ye;  ^tlTi^, 
rarely    "^3"X ,  they,   masc. ;  TIJ''K  they,  fern. 

b)  References:  X:^5  I,  Ned.  5  a,  44  &;  B.  B.  59  6;  a.  fr.— 
"2i<  we,  Ned.  56  a,  Ber]  56  b;  a.  fr.  &<:n3S  we,  B.  B.  164  a,  Sanli. 
11  ab  (taken  from  Biblical  Aramaic). —  riX  tJiou,  Ned.  5a,  21  a; 
a.  fr.  ri:K  tliou,  Ned.  91  b,  Taan.  29  a;  Sabb.  30  a;  B.  M.  26  b, 
396,  109  6;  a.  e.— "n^^  ye,  Ned.  50  6,  55  a;  a.  fr.  ^ns  ye,  Sanli. 
109  a.  "-23  ^PJ^l  that  you  are  thieves;  ^Pi!?^'!  !J5!^^  /  and  ye.  Col 
MS.,  Pes."  110  a;  ^n^lzyjD-  J<^n  ^ns  it  is  ye  who  did,  etc.,  M. 
MS.,  B.  M.  73  a.  ^nVs'  ^ye^  B.  M.  'eds.  37  a.  ^::^^S^J  ^n:«  ye 
yourselves.  riDJ5  2/^,  Pes.  110a  (V.  L.,  a.  1.,  n.  20).  n;^^ 
'T  J<3i51  ye  and  I  are  seven;  ^S''"£^H  rijX  ye  yourselves,  B.  M. 
87  a^  '  ns  ye,  Pes.  110  a  (V.  h.,' loc.  cii.).  Tl  J^ZSI  r.5<  ye  and 
I  are  five. — ^r)"S<  he,  Ned.  55  a;  a.  fr.  S^H  he,  it  is,  B.  B.  Ilia; 
Ned.  51  «>  55  a;  a.  fr.  ^rT'i^  she,  Meg.  14  a;  Nidd.  72  6;  a.  e. 
X"'n  she,  it  is,  Ned.  23  a,  50  a,  91a;  a.  e. — ^Pirj^  fhey,  masc, 
Ned.  20  6;  a.  fr.  '^S^i^  they,  masc.  and  fem.,  in  older  language, 
Keth.  23  a;  Ned.  42  6,52  6;  Naz.  47  6,57  6,  64  6;  Taan.  18  6; 
B.  B.  165  6;  Ber.  50  a;  B.  M.  104  6;  a.  e.  ■^J■^^  they,  fem.,  Ber. 
44  a;  Keth.  2  6;  a.  e. 

§95.  The  demonstrative  pronoun  "T^Ti^  is  at  times  used  as  a 
personal  ]>ronoun  for  the  third  person  plural  of  both  genders. 
Cf.  Keth.  Ill  a,  Meg.  16  a,  ^uU.  53  a,  Bekh.  5  a. 

§96.  Tn  our  editions  there  occurs  once  the  pronoun  S5112  tie, 
she.  TS  S^lj-I  riS  thou  and  site  are  relatives,  B.  M.  67  a;  in 
older  texts  it  must  have  occurred  more  frequently;  cf.  i^hTlTl  HCi^ 
I  (uul  he,  Aruch  Compl.  Nid.  25  6;  sbli:!  ^.H'S  he  arid  Ih'e,' ibid. 
Gitt.  6)8  6.     Kohnt,  Ar.  Conij)!.,  s.  v.,  has  also  the  variant  ^^b"^"^] . 

1  Cul.  MS.,  MiK.  16. J,  vocalizes  ITT'X. 

30 


§101]  PRONOUNS  31 

The  word  is  identical  with  T\b'n2  or  tlbfT'D  originally  fo  her,  the 
n  having  changed  to  1  or  "^ .  The  dative  fern,  came  to  be  used 
for  the  nominative  of  both  genders.  Cf.  i^bri"']  =  H'^bn"']  M.  MS., 
Sabb.  156  6,  and  li,  Ian,  J,  ice,  in  the  Chaldeo-Pahlavi  for 
'  a  n  A, ,   '  a  n  a  n . 

§97.  The  forms  ^H^X ,  ^H^J^ ,  ^nrj^ ,  "HrX ,  are  shortened 
from  5<Jin"5<  ,  5<%n"X  ,  linr5<  ,'  rrrj^^  ,'  the  first'  element  ^i<  ,  Ti^ 
being  demonstrative  elements  "^i^  ,  j  +  "'J<.'  The  forms  !J5^n  ,  5<^n 
are  used  mostly  as  copula.^ 

h.  Enclitic  Personal  Pronouns. — §  98.  The  pronouns  of  the 
first  and  second  persons  are  generally  joined  enclitically  to  the 
participles,  and  rarely  to  adjectives,  so  as  to  form,  with  the  latter, 
one  word.  They  are  then  shortened  and  assume  the  following 
forms : 

MASCULINE. 
Singular.  Plural. 

1.  a.  &<](-)       a.  [:(-),  -:{-),  rD(-),  :3(-)],  i^:{-) 
13.  [:(-),  «3(-),  5<:(--)],  J5;(-)      ^.        h3(-),  ".:(--),  .><:(-)],  ::(-) 

1    ••  T     T  T    ;  -  T     ••  It    T  ■-    :  -  t    ••  't    •• 

2.  a.  n(-)      a.  -^^nCy),  ^H-) 
/3.                  [n(^7)],  n(-)      /?.                       "^nH,  ^H^) 

§  99.  Of  the  feminine,  only  the  second  person  sing,  is  found 
in  a  few  examples:  "b  fl^i^Ci^  thou  art  forhidden  for  me,  Sanh. 
20  a;  ^b  nnOSrj  ivili  thou  marry  me?  Keth.  816;  n^HT^  wilt 
thou  lead?  ibid.  63  a;  iTii^^Il!*  thou  collectest  payment,  ibid.  43  6. 

§  100.  The  forms  under  a  are  used  with  verbs  whose  final 
radical  is  a  consonant;  those  under  y3  with  "'b  verbs.  The  forms 
in  brackets  occur  only  sporadically. 

§101.  The  plural  forms  under  a  are  sometimes  joined  to  the 
singular  theme  of  the  participles  and  are  in  such  a  case  preceded 
by  Sn'JJ .     For  examples  see  §§  271,  272. 

1  On  the  various  etymologies  suggested  for  those  pronouns,  cf.  Fuerst,  Lehrg.  d.  aram. 
Id.,  p.  231s?. ;  Hupfeld,  ZKM..  II.,  124sg. ;  Boottcher,  Hebr.  Gram..  §869,  2;  Nooldoke,  Mand. 
Gram.,  pp.  68,  n.  .3,  92,  n.  1;  Duval,  Gram.  Syriaque,  p.  168,  n.  2;  Wright,  Comp.  Gram.,  pp. 
98,  106;  Dillmann,  Gram,  d.aethiop.  Sprarhe,y>.  261;  Morx,  Graw.  .S'j/r..  p.  167 ;  Lovy,  .Vei(/t. 
WT).,  s.  V.  ^nS  ;  Jastrow,  Dictimi.,  s.  v.  S-  For  the  Neo-Syriac  forms  ahu,  ahi,  anhi, 
cf.  Guidi,  ZDMG.,  xxxvii,  293  sg.    Cf.  also  Maclean,  Gram,  of  Vernacular  Syriac,  p.  17. 

2  In  later  literature:  -rX  we,  HG.  319;  "^nrS?  Ihou  (masc),  ibid.APa;  ^nS?  ye,  ibid. 
404;  "jTlS  (masc),  i6id.208;  ]riS  MV.35;  !jn"iS:  ^e,  HG.  394;  1Xn]  =  Siir.[":]  s/ie,  i6id.  30.',. 


32  ni.    MORPHOLOGY  [§1^2 

§  102.  In  consequence  of  the  promiscuous  use  of  the  pre- 
formatives  Z  and  b  with  the  third  person  masculine,  the  first 
person  plural  adopted  by  analogy  a  similar  usage.  As  a  result 
of  this,  both  forms,  the  third  person  masculine  singular  and  the 
first  person  plural,  became  indistinguishable.  To  remedy  this, 
the  enclitic  personal  pronoun  was  sometimes  attached  to  the 
latter.  ]T^Tb  Jet  us  consider,  Sabb.  30  6;  "rbtD^Zl^b  let  us 
abolish,  CoL  MS.,  Zeb.  38  a;  ]'i<Ti^J  let  us  infer,\hid.  106  6. 

§103.  Rosenberg'  sees  in  forms  like  5<rrpi5<  (Sabb.  83  a, 
B.  M.  86  «,  a.  e.),  !}<:pnT^5  (Sanh.  20  a),  Ind  ^'fl'rf\'^  (Sabb. 
121  h),  forms  of  the  perfect  with  an  enclitic  instead  of  a  constitu- 
tive pronoun.  This  is  erroneous;  such  forms  are  regular  plurals 
used  for  the  singular;  cf.  below,  §  106. 

§  104.  The  same  author  explains  {loc.  cit.)  forms  like  SJ^'^SCri, 
U^"i?JTl ,  as  composed  of  the  respective  verb  and  the  singular  pro- 
noun of  the  second  person  "  ril^  "  with  apocope  of  final  "  STl ." 
The  second  element  is  rather  the  objective  suffix  of  the  third  per- 
son feminine,  which  latter  refers  to  a  word  like  i^tX^'Z  understood. 

Thus,  .s-^ncn,  b^-'-^^n ,  =  fn^ncn ,  n^j^ri;  cf.  ^5'-::':  =  pi^":^;  loe 

need  it;  i<r'2tM<  =  nn"-nj<  I  wonder  at  it. 

^  105.  It  will  be  observed  that  not  only  do  the  suffixes  for  the 
singular  and  the  plural  nouns  show  a  promiscuous  use,  but  the 
singular  and  plural  suffixes  themselves  are  sometimes  not  differ- 
entiated. The  genders,  moreover,  sometimes  interchange,  though 
much  more  rarely.'  This  circumstance  seems  to  be  due  to  the 
fact  that  some  of  the  singular  suffixes,  having  become  worn  out, 
have  lost  their  suggestiveness  and  have  been  supplanted  by  the 
more  sonorous  and  emphatic  plural  forms,  and  this  caused  the 
confusion  of  all  forms. 

4^  106.  Another  perplexity  is  encountered  by  the  student  in 
the  use  of  the  first  person  plural  for  the  same  person  in  the 
singular,  which  is  an  expression  of  modesty  or  of  generalizing 
indefiniteness.  That  [itiir;il  is  sometimes  found  together  v.-ith  the 
singular  in  one  and  the  same  clause;  e.  (/.,  H'b  """lyjj  "aZ!  'v-"1 
and  I  (ice)  remember  also  iKirimi  lohl  liiiii.  B.M.  8  b;  ni^C"!!  "S^" 

'  iHiK  artnn('iii<cliv  l'<  r.';U//i  iiii  hdhi/loniiK'hcii  Titlnnid,  i>.  I'l, 

2  For  a  tiiiiiiiar  jiromiscuous  n.se  of  tlio  iiroiiouim  in  otlier  laugunge.s  <•/.  Bi'ttcher,  op.  cit. 
§878. 


§108]  PRONOUNS  33 

"(ib^  for  I  {we)  am  not  a  Persian,  eds.  ibid.  28  b;  T^'b  '{T'lpi'l  id 

i^rS  I  (ice)  sJwuld  not  explain  it,  Pes.  90 «;  i<:iJ;  p^in^b  I  spit 
out  M.  MS.,  Sabb.  145  b;  i<:^  y^p"']  I  shall  cut  down,  B.M.  107  6.' 
This  use  of  the  plural  promiscuously  with  the  singular  has  misled 
even  such  men  as  the  late  Jacob  Levy''  and  Th.  Noeldeke^  into 
erroneous  theories.  Thus  Levy  assumes  a  paragogic  )iun  in 
the  first  person  singular;  and  Noeldeke  explains  such  forms  as 
^5^b Dp ,  which  occur  on  almost  every  page  of  the  voluminous  Tal- 
mud, as  scribal  errors.  Whether  these  forms  follow  the  analogy 
of  ^"b  verbs  or  are  plurals  used  as  singulars,  or  are  due  to  both 
causes,  they  are  certainly  legitimate  formations. 
c.  Possessive  Suffixes. — §  107. 


SINGULAR. 

With  Si7igular  Nouns. 

With  Plural  Nomis. 

1.    C. 

• 

'7  '"T  ■■'*T 

2.  m.                                       rr  ,^- 

TT-"7 

2.  f.            [-^v  ,-^^7]  r\-  ,T|^7 

tr:!  T7  ■^: 

3.  m.    J'"^V7'^V-''^-'^7lf^ri 

i         [^n"7  ,^n- ,^n7  1 

•      T 

-,-i,"i-,--i-,ai-]n'- 

T                          •                       •                         -                                  " 

T      :                    T                   -                              T                   T 

T     T            - 

PLURAL. 

T            T               T     T                T                  '                     I  -            I       . 

mm —      m —      •■> — 

2.  m.  C-^-  ,p-  ,ti3-  ,p-]  ,^5- 

[■(D^7  ,"ir7l  ^.r-;7 

2.  f.        ' 

■—"I — 

3.  m.    -^     '            '      :                  ^■ 

^              17  '10~  '107 

1  >  iini- 

"'irT:7'iri^7'i'^^'7^"-:7 

:     •              T 

3.  f.                            "n- 

[^ni-  ,^n-]  "n^- 

§108.  The  form  "Hi"  arose  from  ^tl''~  by  metathesis;  ''»~'l7 
becoming  ^Jli~ .  From  this  form  is  derived  the  suffix  8d  masc. 
sing.  'T\~.  'p,  "H,  and  "7  are  Hebraisms.  ^T'u''~  is  properly 
objective  suffix.  Forms  in  brackets  are  of  rare  occurrence.  For 
examples,  see  Nouns. 

1  An  analogous  uso  of  the  plural  is  found  in  tho  Jorusalom  Talmud  ;  cf.  M.  Schlosinser's 
Aram.  Verb,  irn  Jer.  Talm.,  p.  15  sq. 
2 Neuh.  u.  chald.  M1>.  s.  v.  J. 
3  A.  Rosenberg,  Das  Aram.  Verb,  im  Babyl.  Talm,,  p.  28. 


34  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [§109 

§  109.  Familiar  nouns,  especially  those  denoting  family  rela- 
tionship, are  frequently  used  without  possessive  suffixes. 

1.  First  person:  &^^i<  my  mother,  M.  Q.  206,  a.  e.;  DS  id. 
M.  Q.  12a,  Gitt.  70a,'Sabb.  66  6,  Ber.  39  6,  YOm.  78a,  a.  e.; 
«ni<  my  father,  M.  Q.  20  6,  Meg.  12  6,  B.  M.  59  6,  a.  e.;  m^D 
my  grandmother,  B.  B.  125  ab;  I"*!!  my  son,  Ber.  5  6;  TD^  my 
daughter,  Pull.  95  6,  Keth.  54  a,  109  b;  tT\^^  my  wife,  B.  B. 
132  6;  5^T  Wb^lDS  into  my  whole  hand,  Ber.  56  6;  n^^'^^Sb  to  my 

T :  T         :  ^  T  :        : 

bed,  ibid.;  i^ri^sb  '^Hj^t^'ai^l  and  bring  them  to  my  house,  Qidd. 
22  6;  i^ailTa  ■'il  ly  jj^ln^lil  V2  from  my  house  to  the  college,  Ned. 
59  6.-  (in  the  parallel  passage  Ber.  55  a  we  have  ■'5<T''Bir^&<  for 
i<n"2l).  J!<!!2p1  "i^^J  what  is  that  before  me?  i.e.,  how  do  I  come 
to'tiiat?     On  't^^p,  n5p  =  "5p  before  us,  see  Levy,  Neuh.  Wb. 

S.  V.    )!CSO  ,    I.        " 

2.  Third  person:  Ku^Sip  i^^V'^  ^"^^  (^lij)  ""/^^  ^'^  going  to 
die,  Ber.  56  a;  ^T:1T\12  ^inb^Db  ^nrbt:p  he  killed  all  his  masters, 

'  T    T  :  T  :         :  :     •    :  '- 

B.  B.  36;  5<"^n  ^13^'2  D^XpT  «n^^  5<3^&^  ^'!2  ivo^dd  a  father  ever 
rise  up  before  his  son?  Keth.  62  6;  5<'in3  ^^fbip"!  ivliose  husband 
is  a  kitchen-gardener,  Yeb.  118  6;  i<"n:*  i^rrjJTi'n  ivhose  hus- 
band is  as  small  as  an  ant,  ibid. 

§  110.  The  suffix  of  the  first  person  sing,  is  sometimes  omitted: 
^12  my  lord,  sir,  frequently;  ni3  like  me,  Col.  MS.,  Pes.  105  6; 
ITS-  ""Xin  liJSD  ^aCtTi  rejoice  my  soul,  rejoice  my  soul,  ibid.  68  6; 
'^•'i2frJm  we',  B.  B. "142  6,  M.  MS.,  ibid.  gag.  226,  ibid.  15  6,  V.  L. 
ad  1.  n.  4,  Er.  53  6.  In  the  last  passage  as  an  example  of  the 
Galilean  dialect. 

§  111.  in'^X  there  is  and  tl^b  there  is  not,  on  account  of  their 
verbal  force  take  mostly  objective  suffixes.  But  these  suffixes 
differ  somewhat  from  those  given  in  the  table  below,  "^^f^'l^ 
am,  Ned.  81a;  'rn^^^  Pes.  50  a;  M.  MS.,  ibid.  ■jri^>5  ive  are; 
^5:n-5<  Yeb.  116  a,  ^"p'n"«  Pes.  87  6,  !lD^:n"S  /6a/.  M.  MS.,  you 
are;  n-n"«  is,  B.  Q.'46  6;  ^inpn^X  they  are,  R.  H.  20  a,  a.  e., 
lir;:ri^i<  ^'  Tam.  5  a;  -irnb^,  Me'lla  7  a,  read  ■^;n"'«  =  /6/r/.  5  6; 
!in:n^b  they  are  not,  Zeb.  14  6,  18  6,  a.  e.;  ^n":n"b .  Er.  46  6,  Pes. 
^b;  "ibid.  M.  MS.  ^n^'Sn^b  ;  -ripn^b^  they  are',  fern.,  Sebu  14  6.' 

'  "iniP'^b  he  is  absent.  Keth.  22a,  a.  e.,  belongs  to  legal  style.  lu  ■j;i<  ^rPX  w  are. 
Pes.  50  a,  fT'S  has  assumed  verbal,  more  correctly  participial,  form. 


§117]  PRONOUNS  35 

d.   Objective  Suffixes. — §112. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  c.     -  ,-,ri-  ,-n-  ,-i^7 ,77  r-    -^  ,^r-  r^^-  >"p-  ."r  ,r  'TT 

2.  m.  ( T|2-  ,T]S^-  ■?]-  >T|^-  »T]«7  ,'r;7  ^5^7  .  ^!3-  .  ^^37  '  ^^3^7 

2.f.    j    '"      '  "  •         ^     -  •  ,^27 

'  n-  ,r-  ,^n-  ,r-  >'7  >  n^7  ^  ,^12^7  ,-^37  ,-^3^7  .^ns-  ,^n37  ,^nr 7 

3.  m.  \  ri^2-  '"r  '^"7  'TT  ''^TT  f'^"~  '^"^7  '"P^7  ''^r7  '^r7  '^^7 

n^n:7,n-n7j  ^n":7 

a  f.     nn^-  ,i<n-  ,n-  ,^5-  ,rr-  "^ns-  ,^n3-  ,^nr- 

§  113.  The  distinction  between  the  suffixes  of  the  perfect  and 
those  of  the  imperfect  are  obliterated. 

§  114.  The  n  element  in  the  suffixes  is  derived  from  the 
objective  particle  n^ .  This  is  clear  from  a  form  like  Hn^^b^l 
that  he  swallow  it,  Ned.  50  6,  where  the  commentaries  have  yba" 
nin"'  in  two  words. 

§  115.  "^-,  '-  are  shortened  forms  for  •T3'7,  ri"27;  for  n3"'7, 
S2^-  cf.  the  Targumic  ^^J'bi,  ^^2^i .  But  it  may  also  be  a  mistake 
of  the  copyists:  uT  stood  for  nr^lJir  ;  the  sign  of  abbrevia- 
tion was  omitted  and  then  written  i<r  . —  ^513^7  is  so  vocalized 
by  the  Col.  MSS.  The  'Z}^  shows  the  presence  of  the  ener- 
getic nun. 

B.     DEMONSTBATIVE    PRONOUNS. 

§  116.  Those  referring  to  a  nearer  object,  or  to  the  subject 
under  consideration,  are: 

Sing.  masc.  Cj-n ,  ■|^'n ,  ■,"'-in ,  and  contracted  ^^H ,  K:'^  ,  "I'H ,  "")  this,  that 
fern.    KH,  5<^n,  (nj^n,  iJ^-y,  i^'^,  ■-■?!);  -i^n,  Col.  MS.  ^5<n, 

TTT  ..  T  TT  T-T  -  •- 

contracted  from  J^Tir^  • 

•     T 

Plur.  masc.  TZT\ ,  (T^^n ,  rbn ,  "fbi^ ,  '1^')  these,  those. 

-      _  ;    _  '      ..      T  "...  "T 

fern.  ^2n,  ("2ni^,  \r.T^,  rbrd' 

..  -  ..   -    -:         I        T  '    ..   T 

§  117.  Those  referring  to  a  distant  object  are: 
Sing.  masc.  J^^nH ,  (T^^J^n ,  T^'-^H ,  ^T'^})  that  one  there. 

fem.  iirm,  r\ri,  (Tj'n). 

com.  Tn^X  that  one  there,  the  other. 

It   • 

Plur.  com.  T^2n ,  Tj^H  • 


/ 


36  in.     MORPHOLOGY  [§11^ 

§  118.  ^'Ti^,  only  in  the  phrase  ^T^"!  ^T5«5  both  this  and  that, 
these  and  those,  is  used  for  both  genders  and  both  numbers. 

§119.  References:  •j'n  (]+'n)  Gitt.  85  6,  a.  e.;  y"^  B-^r.  38  6, 
B.  Q.  99  h,  Sanh.  31  a,  Keth.  17  a^ Sot.  35  a,  a.  e.— "f  111  (•+^1+;>5n) , 
Ker.  25  h,  Keth.  103  a,  Me'ila  12  6,  and  frequently  in  Ned.  and 
Nazir.— ^:'^  (  =  -^),Gitt.  85  6. —•j'^  (-  +  ^5:^),  Keth.  22a,  89  6; 
Gitt.  85  6/ B.  M.  15o,  IS  a.—  '^Ti  (■■+5<n),'CoL  MS.,  Zeb.  89  a. 

—  J^n  (contracted  from  Hari)  frequent.— i^in  (^T  +  i<n),  Ned. 
53  a,'55  o,  a.  e.— ^^'H  Ned.  41a,  Sabb.  52  6,  a.  e^— ^I^^H  ('""  +  !^n). 
Col.  MS.,  Pes.  75  6^^ — ^1^  (only  orthographically  different  from 
i<iri),  Pes.  536,  B.  M.7)0a,  Bekh.  456.— ^^H  (■3  =  ^3+5<n), 
properly  an  adverb;  MSS.  Men.  3  6;  ^jH  b3  all  this,  Ber.  20  6; 
"Sn  ^^^bn  without  this,  ^jT\  bTCT'l'^  because  of  tliis,  frequent. — 
•^5r;.  frequent. —  '^TuT'i  ('in +  "11),' frequent. —  Tj^^T}  ( =  ^2n  =  ^"n  , 
with  compensatory  lengthening  (v.  §77),  ^^^'^'2  T^^^tj  Hull.  11a, 
eds.— ^bJl  ("pbs^  +  ^n).  Tarn.  11a,  B.  M.  90  a,  and' frequently  in 
Ned.  and^Nazir.— 7^^^  ("j+b^^- Hebr.  nb5<),  B.  M.  15  a,  67  6, 
110  a;  Taan.  17  6;  B.' B,  38  a,  63  a;  Keth.  "87a.  Only  in  legal 
style. —  ^^3?  (  =  ^0)'  Properly  ^  singular,  Gitt.  316,  45  6;  Men. 
34  6,  a.  e'.;"  ^-ri  (contracted  from  ^n?f^  =  Vn:ri),  frequent.— "^rn^^ 
(nn+IS;),  only  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  26.— -r.n,  TF.,  p.  25.— "fbri, 
ibid.  1.— ^^nn  (i^^^  +  ^^^)  frequent.— T^^JJ^H   (T]  +  "«n)    frequent. 

—  1]^'5^n  (  =  tj^^^n),  Col  MS.,  Zeb.  49  aj  a.  e.'— ^^-^  or  ^r'H 
(^3+-p),  B.  m'.  86a,  Zeb.  43  6,  Hull.  906.— i<^nll  (S'-  +  !J<n), 
frequent.— t]r;  or  t^n  (!]+i^ri),  frequent.— 1]%-  (§69),  M.  MS., 
Pes.  Ill  6.— ?|T^5  (t]  +  "  +  "w^),  frequent.— 'qsn  (1]  +  "^,  §119), 
frequent.— ^r;i  (T]  +  ;As),'  Ar.  326,  Bekh.  206,  Me'lla  156,  a.  e.' 

§120.  Forms  in  parentheses  are  of  rare  occurrence,  and 
belong  partly  to  the  Palestinean  dialects. 

1  Tho  "J  final  in  demonstrutivo  pronouns  is  taken  by  M.  Schultzo  {Zur  Formenlehre  des 
Semit.  Verbs,  p.  19,  note  1)  to  bo  identical  with  the  pronominal  suffix  of  the  2d  person ;  ^"^l , 
rtri  he  translates  hie  tibi,  haec  tibi,  '^^X  would  bo  hac,  hi,  tibi.  In  the  latter  form  he  sees 
the  construct  state  of  the  absolute  ']"'5X.  That  "^  roprosonts  hero  the  2d  person  is, 
however,  not  necessarily  tho  case,  since  one  and  the  same  pronominal  element  may  represent 
different  persons.    Cf.  ZDMG.,  1875, 172. 

2  HG..  od.  Hildeshoimor,  p.  96,  ^n^H  ;  <Se'elt.,od.  pr.,86,  "iHin.  "'nZn  ;  irH,  "'i"'')!!. 
HG.  491;  ^:iin,  i''id.  381.  I^H  Letter  of  Condol.  of  Sam.  Ha-NCtgld  to  R.  ^annn'el,  Ocar 
TOb,  II.,  68 ;  ^"in .  i'>><l.  226.   Cf.  for  tho  demonstrative  force  of  the  b  the  Arabic  viU  j  ,  viLo  , 

Hebr.  njbn,  ibn.  nxpn.-Tfrn,  ri<i.-m.-cf.  Targumic  spx  he.  sn-^K  (=s-'nn) 

MV.  2.").    Vrj  this  (loKal  stylo),  TG,  od.  Harkavy,  §.').jo. 


gl2J:]  PRONOUNS  37 

§  121.  !5<M  is  often  joined  to  the  following  word,  in  which 
case  the  final  J!<,  which  marks  the  length  of  the  vowel,  is  not 
written.     E.  q.,   riH ,  J^n'^M ,  Z'TCri^Tl  ^' ,  i^Firi  J^H ,  SH 

«^')..  T  t;-  •:t  I"  T  t:-  t  t 

i^  122.  5!<n  ,  i^^n  ,  !J<"m  sometimes  unite  with  a  preceding  word, 
in  which  case  they  undergo  phonetic  or  orthographic  change. 
Thus.  5<^n  +  Xb  becomes  l^^b  h  not;  ^f^  T^  becomes  ^r«  , 
i<^n  7^^  becomes  ^D^JJ^  is  not;  !}<^m  H'^  is  contracted  to  ^T'2  how 
is    it,   hoio    about?    and    others.        ^J^V"^"'*^^     becomes    !J<''^r;S< ; 

T  •:  -  t:-  • 

C.     COPULATIVE    PRONOUNS. 

§  123.  a)  The  idiom  of  the  Babylonian  Talmud,  differing  in 
this  respect  from  the  cognate  languages,  has  developed  separate 
forms  for  the  pronouns  of  the  third  person,  wdien  the  latter  imply 
the  substantive  verb  and  are  used  for  the  copula.    These  forms  are: 

Masc.  sing.    ^PT'D^  Masc.  plur.    ilJirD 

Fem.  sing.     "^p-pD  Fem.   plur.     ■'JirD 

6)  References:  "tT^  "^^  what  is  it?  Ned.  38  6;  ^H"  J^^H 
that  it  is,  the  very  thing,  ibid.;  ^m  ^:i<  it  is  I,  Taan.  24  b;  ]^Q 
^rrz  ivho  is  it?  Pes.  104  a;  T'^Z  i^T^  i^TJT  ^'2  do  I  know  ivhere 

T        ••  T  :     -T 

he  is?—^TT^  Ber.  44  a,  Hull.  43  6,  a.  e.— ^nrs  5<3TJ  ^m  ^Hra 

..  '•  ;.T"T-:: 

they  all  belong  to  one  and  the  same  kind,  ^ull.  79  a;  and  fre- 
quently.—^nr3  Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  36,  96,  a.  e.;  TF.  9. 

§  124.  Luzzatto^  and  Noldeke'  consider  the  copulative  pro- 
nouns to  be  of  the  corresponding  forms  of  the  personal  pronouns ; 
the  former  being  formed  out  of  the  latter  by  the  prefix  D  ,  and 
the  initial  X  lost  in  the  process  of  composition.  Said  prefix 
Noldeke  {loc.  cit.)  considers  to  be  a  mutilated  "i<  =  "n,  HSn . 
Such  a  use  of  that  particle  would  find  an  excellent  parallel  in  the 
Hebrew   ^TjTi ,   ?I2ri ,   etc.,   where    that    particle    also    exhibits  a 

iCol.  MS.  Alfasl  on  BScft  166  vocalizes  in'^f,  '.e-  IHI*   (§80).    Se'elt.,  ch.  18,  lias 

2  Elem.  gram,  del  dial.  talm.  Babilon.,  §  52. 
^iland   Gramni.,  p.  92,  n.  1. 


38  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [§125 

verbal  force;  but  cf.  Duval's  objection,  Gram.  Syr.,  p.  168,  note  2. 
Merx  {Oram.  Syr.,  p.  168)  derives  ^HrD  from  a  supposed  form 
'inin  +  hu  through  aphaeresis  of  initial  vowel,  and  from  the 
latter  ^H^D  through  syncope  of  medial  5  .  I  should  suggest  that 
the  copulative  forms  have  an  independent  genesis.  They  are  not 
derivatives,  but  parallel  formations  of  the  personal  pronouns. 
They  consist  of  the  pronominal  suffixes  and  the  syllable  "'D ,  a 
contraction  of  "^Hp  ,  which  latter  in  its  turn  is  an  apocopated  form 
of  "iriD  =  "'Inb ,  the  third  person  singular  of  the  imperfect  of  J^lll , 
''Itj  to  be.  That  would  explain  why  these  forms  are  used  only 
with  the  third  person,  while  the  Hebrew  nSH  may  be  used  with 
all  persons.  A  similar  instance  of  the  composition  of  i^lSl  is 
found  in  the  term  Hm  granted,  which  is  a  compound  of  "Tin 
and  ra  .' 

T     

W.  H.  Lowe^  has  the  following  remark  about  these  forms: 
"He  (Luzzatto)  did  not  perceive  that  the  prefixed  D  changes  the 
simple  pronoun  into  the  substitute  for  the  copula."  The  above 
words  are  apt  to  mislead  the  reader  into  the  belief  that  Luzzatto 
was  ignorant  of  the  copulative  force  of  these  forms.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  he  states  it  [loc.  cit.)  clearly  enough,  and  it  is  but  just  to 
the  deceased  scholar  that  this  should  be  pointed  out.  E.  Blticher' 
also,  as  far  back  as  1838,  recognized  the  true  nature  of  these 
forms. 

§  125.  1.  ^rn  ,  ^r":n  ,  frequent;  i^Ttl  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  7  a;  ^Z^ri 
Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  13  b;  M.  MS.,  Pes.  60  a,  this  is,  these  are,  are  con- 
tractions of  ^tl  this  and  of  the  respective  forms  of  the  copulative 
pronouns.  The  uncontracted  form  ^JT'D  Tl  is  cited  V.  L.  ad  Men, 
92  b,  notes  2,  3.* 

2.  Noteworthy  is  the  pleonastic  construction  of  our  word  with 
the  copulative  pronouns:  M.  MS.,  Taan.  20  6  {bis)  ^iHrS  ^T^tl 
these  are. 

§  126.  ^j^n  ....  ^S"^!!  means:  this  is  one  and  the  same,  e.  g., 
D^i-'^  TJ^'^Ti  t!^'^*T\^  TJ^^jTi  Wardimas  and  Menahem  are  one  and 
the  same  person,  Sabb.  118  ?>. 

1  Levy,  Nh.  u.  ch.  Wb.,  s.  v.  ni'^P  • 

2  Tho  FraKin.  of  T.  B.  Posahim',  p'.  38,  note  1. 

•      T    -1       J  T  -        I    - 

*  According  to  Hal6vy,  ZA.  IV.,  59,   ^2'^"'n  is  a  contraction  of  XIH  +  3  +  *^X  +  XH  I 


PRONOUNS 


39 


§129] 

^  127.  ^rn  is  sometimes  used  as  a  simple  copulative  pronoun: 
"niis^  ^r^n  IJ^b'n  this  is  something  unusual,  Mun.  MS.,  Sauli.  IS  a. 
^rr:  ^i<'2  differs 'from  "in  ^i^'C  ;  the  first  meaning  what  is  it?'  the 
latter,  what  would  it  become? 

D.    RELATIVE    PRONOUN, 

§  128.  a)  The  older  form  of  the  relative  pronoun  ^"^  occurs 
only  in  the  Palestinean  recension  of  Aboth  I.,  13,  in  legal  style, 
in  the  combinations  -^"^ ,  -T"n  (b  +  ^1,  1  +  ^1)'  of  the  emphatic 
possessive  pronouns,  and  at  times  in  the  combination  S-;""" 
(J^b  +  ''^)  that  not.  I  have  found  besides  but  two  examples  of  it: 
•nbn^n  ^13n  5<b  ^^  that  you  may  not  share  my  fate,  Meg.  16  a, 
and  bt2p  ^^  '^'i  until  he  had  killed,  Sanh.  96  6.  The  usual  form 
of  it  is  "^  . 

6)  References  :  ^b^"^  mine.  B.  M.  109  h,  Ned.  50  a,  61  a;  "r" 
thine,  B.  M.  109  h,  Ned.  5  a;  nb^'H  her,  Naz.  30  a,  Ned.  36  h,  70  a, 
Sabb.  80  6,  B.  B.  33  6;  "b^'n  our,  Ned.  49  a;  pb^'l  your,  B.  Q. 
117  6;   pb^,    Suk.  44«/-inb^T    their,  Gitt.  84  6,  B.  Q.  117  6; 

linb^  Sukk."44  «.— ^n^-n ,  tii^'n' ,  'r^-T^ ,  riT"n ,  -t^  ,  ^5t^  ,  ^n-^"^ , 

■'HT'^ ,  frequent. 

*  '  c)   The  usual  form  of  the  possessive  is  -Tl  ;  the  form  "^^"i 
occurs  but  seldom.     T1  is  a  reduplication  of  the  relative  ^"H . 
d)   Instead  of  the  usual  TjTlb^  we  find  Tj^'l  T]bl  TF.,  p.  7. 

E.    INTERROGATIVE    PRONOUNS. 

§129.  a)  -t^'J,  V^  {^^2)  who?  ^X'J'  (i<"^ ,  H^)  what?  ^T} 
which,  which  one?  (77"5<!  "f"!.  "H ,  TT^ri ,  ^TH)  ichich  now 
{quisnam?)  ('^'H  H^J)  ivhat  noio  {qiiidnam?)  ^Inp  ,  (^H?^  ,  ^H^i  , 
^n^S'J)  what  is  'it?  ^'j^^n  (^n":  +  -n  or  &<^n  +  -Tn)  tvhicJi  is  it?  ?,3p 
(  =  ij^'^n+1/J)  loho  is  he?  wliose  is  it?  ^Vq  ivho  is  she?  whose 
is  it?' 

6)  References:  "i^p  ,  "2,  '^'2,  ^3/J  ,  ^VQ  ,  frequent.— rj  A. 
Z.  416;  n^S  "i^n^^  n'2  how  do  you  deal  with  it?  ^H  frequent; 
-|-7;-n,'Men.    109  a;" -fT  ^H,    Ned.   26  6;    7Ti< ,  ';\rr2  Tam. 

1  Cf.  Lowe,  op.  cit.,  p.  ^. 

2  C/.  Dalman,  op.  cit.,  p.  87;  c/.  Maclean,  Gram,  of  Vernacular  Syr.,  pp.  19,  55, 181. 
3'^X'a  is  a  contraction    a)  in  some  cases  of  "IT  i^'Q,  6)  in  other  of  N'^H  S5p  (§122). 

TF.  vocalizes  IJ^'Q . 

^HG.  71,  S'^h;  ibid.  2:«,  l^n;  ibid.  438  IJ?  ■  ■!?e'ej.,  pp.  6,  77,  80,  SA,  has  SI"':} . 
id.  HG.  178,  a.  e."  Sign's  «e'c??.  I.';  HG.  95.  104. 'a.  e.  ^JIH  HG.  276.  H")?  ,  "^^^'Q  "^e^ 
for  'ji^'a  HG.  22,  25,  68,  263. 


40  III.     MOKPHOLOGY  [§^30 

32  a:  "rr^  MSS.  Zeb.  69  a;  T'l  MS.  R.  117,  B.  M.  2  h,  Pes.  90  hj 
-rrz  M.  MS.,  B.M.  2  6;  *XTy2{  =  'rrZ-^r'2)  M.  MS.,  B.  B.  8ct; 
^r-;n,  Naz.  \2  a.—  ^rrT'q  '^^"^2  which' of  iliem?  B.  B.  12  6,  for 
the  usual  ^r;^';r7J  ^n.— ySFlT/J  "J^*::  ivhy  should  he  swear?  F. 
MS.,  B.  M.  82  6. '     '" 

F.    INDEFINITE    PRONOUNS. 

a.  Positive  Indefinites.— %  130.  "bs  '  5^;;b3  J/r.  ^So  and  So, 
N.N.;  &^n^:bs  i¥rs.  or  3Iiss  So  and^So. —  TJ  'somebody. —  ^T'2,' 

T     •  T  ;  •  ... 

Ul^'2,  (Dy'l^J)^  something,  iJ^nb^'J  something. —  ^nV|'-'  somebody; 
'Z"m,  somebody:  U^^H  "d^D^X  "ji^ri^T  ^MS^^  :?^-^  :?irj  ?Y  is  known 

*^  ••  ••:t;  _,;_.. 

that  the  place  belongs  to  this  or  tliat  man,  B.  M.  21  b;  cf.  ibid. 
23  a. —  ^-nl  ^Sri  this  and  that,  so  and  so.  —  "HI  .  .  .  .  "H  the  one 
the  other';  \/2 ^/J  the  one the  other  M.  Q.  25  b. 

T  T 

§  131.  i^S'^i^  est  qui,  sunt  qui  is  used  in  the  sense  of  some: 
■'T^i^-  ^^3^5^  ^some  say. 

i^  132.  !^'2b>'  ■'b^S  the  whole  world  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
sense  of  anybody,  anyone,  everybody. 

§  133.  pb^n  and  pb^^  are  used  like  our  Tom,  Dick  and  Harry 
for  anyone:  W^T  i<r\T2-J:  5<:S  i^VJ'r  pb^Z  ^bl  ^^J'T'  pb^^n  i<b  ^52^ 

«-'  t:-t         t  :   -    :  t—.         t:-t't.  t:        t:-t't.  t        t-; 

I  knoio  710  Hilldq  and  no  Billdq,  I  know  only  a  tradition,  ^ull. 
19  a;  ^nb  ^bp^5  pb^n^  pyri  shall  Hilldq  and  Billdq  enjoy  it? 
Sanh.  98  6.'" 

§  134.  bS  all,  every;  '^^T)^  b2  everijbody,  everyone;  IHI  In  b|l 

each  and  everyone;  .  .  .  .  "H  "i^"^  bs  whoever;  .  .  .  .  "n  bs  whoever, 

whatever;  .  .  .  "^  ^5^/J  bs  whatever;  T'i^\  b|l  whatsoever;  D2?T2  53, 

^1^7^  bS   (Ned.  49  «)  anything. 

"    6.  ^Negative  Indefinites.— %  135.    .  .  .  'H  "i^:^  n^b ,   "i^--:  i^r.b 

.  .  .  "^j    .  .  .  'n  r\^b,    5<b  ^'-bj?  ^b^3,  7?on^,  nobody,  no  one. —  T\'b 

cn-i,  i^b  cy'n^'bn,  V^i'xbi . . .  t<b,  bb^  5<bi .  . .  5^b  7?o//r?»5r. 

__,  T         --.  T  ...  t:  t  t:  t:  t 

1  In  later  literature  ibs  is  used  also  for  inanimate  objects :  'T^D  ''T^TS  for  so  and  so 

It  1  ''    '         -         ' 

much  money  So'elt,  36;  ibS  XHSinS  »'"  «mcA  and  such  a  place,  ilnd.  51. 

f     T     t  T      t  I 

2  In  the  opinion  of  Professor  Haupt  I'^TQ  is  not  a  mutilated  form  of  DJ^'Q  but  ia  the 
Hebrew  "'TI,  ITJ,  sufficiency  +  yi2  from;  htoTa.U.y,  of  a  sufficiency . 

3  In  Palmyrean  X)337T)2 ,  cf.  ZDMG.  42,  398,  where  the  word  is  vocalized  wrongly 
XTSJ-.p  ;  read  S^yip .    Assyr.  mindSma. 

«  This  is  perhaps  connected  with  the  Arabic  ;^3^    ^J^-^i"^   **-^)  misfortune. 


i 


,136]  NUMERALS  -il 

NUMERALS. 

A.  Cardinals. — §  136. 


rt)     With  Masculine  Nouns. 

U'lY/i  Feminine  Ncnms. 

1. 

Hi, 

in 

Sin 

T  -: 

2. 

'n 

^:ri,  ^-^n,  -f-^n 

"Fibn,  ^'rnr\,  'fr}"n 

3. 

T* 

T  T    : 

nbr, 

T    : 

4. 

'T 

^yn'^jsi,  i^^"n^.s;t 

ys^is; 

5. 

'n 

T    :   - 

'^'-D 

6. 

"1 

T      • 

n^iij  or  n'^^ij 

7. 

'T 

(ny^^),  «yz-c;t 

yi^,  l"i  or  2"^; 

8. 

'n 

T ;   T    ; 

■':7jn  or  ^yzri 

9. 

't: 

-    :    •             T    :    ■ 

rin 

10. 

'■I 

T  :  - 

lie? 

11. 

j^". 

niry  in,  ic  in* 

■•ip  ^in,  ■'x  in* 

12. 

1"^ 

nc^br 

i,iir3:^-.n,ic^^n* 

^"^D  ^in,  ^ic  "^mn 

13.  j"^  x^in,  lir^  nbri,  ic^bn    n-^ir?  nbn,  ^I'lry  nbn ,  ^ic  "bn* 

■'X  nbn, 

14. 1"^  ^cn"^^,  ^c"n'^i^  ^x  "n-^yt,  ""^.v^-^Jl^ 

15.  vt)  ^c^"-"  "^r'^^  "^'^'^'  ^"^^'^v 

16.  v'^  T"t2     X  ^n-i*,  X  n^ir*  ni'ips?  n^ip ,  ^x  n^u:* 

17.  T'"'  ^cn^^,  X  mr*  niir:?  ynir,  rnw^  n-jj,  ^ic  nizj* 

-;v  -  -  t:-        -:  t:-  -  ••: 

18.  n"^       lies?  ^"::n,  x  ""^r,*  ""X  ^r^n* 

--:       ..  T    :  -       ••  T    :  ••  :        ••  t    : 

19.  t:""  xirn    irn,  ^xir^n,  ^X'^rn,  ^x^'^n 

ni'iry 


20. 'ID    -px:?, 'piiE>'  60. 'c     "niT, 'pnir      loo. 'p  nxj"; 

30. 'b  ri^b!in,rnbn  7o. '^-  -rjz^      200. 'i   -nj^-^,-m- 


40.  '12 

50.  '5 


r5?ni^^  80. '3    -,r:n,  rrjn  1,000. 5^,i"nn      rb^5 

1  k.    ;     :  -                            'T  T    :        '    •  T    :  i-  -: 

rizi^^n  90.'::           rriin  10,000. (?)i5nn2^,  &^is- 

).:-                                              '•:•  t:-: 


42  in.     MORPHOLOGY  [§^3'^ 

h)  References:  Tlbn ,  with  change  of  liquids:  M.  MS., 
Sabb.  110 «. — ^jP,  with  original  nun,  as  in  "^jn ,  Col.  MS., 
M.  Q.  9  a.— ^yn-]J^:  B.  B.  30 «,  60 «;  Er.  50  ?>;  Col.  MS.,  Pes. 
13  „;  a.  e.— n:^ri:  Keth.  67  6;  t^T^Tl:  B.  B.  62  6.— X^lH: 
Taan.  18  6.— ^X  "In:  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.'58*6.— n'*r??  llj  :  Nidd.  54  a. 
— -C  IH:  R.  H.  21a;  a.  e.— "^0  ^"nn  :  Keth.  62  6;  a.  e.— ^"ipl 
-irS?:  2'M.  MS.,  Yom.  69  6,  84  a;  a.e.— ^"^rbn :  B.  B.  133  6; 
Qitt.  68  6.— ^nir?  nbn:  Ned.  41a.— n"l"J3y  nbn:  Taan.  14  6.— 
-O;  nbn:  Keti'Uh.—  ^^Z  nbri:  Ber.  55  6.— ^ncn-Ji^:  Ar.  12  6; 
CoL  MS.,  Meg.  17  a.— ^^C  yia-^V :  Ar.  12  a;  Sabb.'  98  6.— ncS^i^ : 
Pes.  4  a,  9  6;  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  2  6.— H^Tr  IT'^m  :  Ar.  12  a.— H^'f 
rr'-IV:  B.  B.  916.— ^C  ^n-f  :  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  2  6,  6  a.— luj 
n-ir?:  B.  B.  916.— n^^r  i--i:  Er.  83  a.— Xn-^o::  Er.  766', 
Mei^  2  a.— ^Cnd:  Bekh.' 50  a'.- ^n™n  :  Ber.  28  6.— "^Cin  : 
Sabb.  17  6.— ''X-^"n  :  Ar.  12  a.— rp'^^  tr\:  M.MS.,  Taan.  13  6. 
—  ^C'l-n:  Nidd!54a.— y-^C^:  Col.  MS.,  Meg.  6  a,  17  a.— ynb^P: 
Col.  MS.,  Pes.  68  6.— ^n-Jj":  Col.  MS.,  Pes.  Ill  a.— "fn'f  ,  Col. 
MS.,  Meg.  7  6,  vocalizes  '{Tl'J:  .—  'p'Zri :  Ar.  13  a;  a.  e.— -r^ri : 
B.  Q.  115  a;  a.  e.— "nj^-:  :  CoL  MS.,  Pes.  64  6.— i^iS"] :  Sanh.  39  a. 

n^^'IJ  does  not  occur  in  the  plural,  "b^^ ,  in  the  construct 
state  perhaps  qb&J;,  in  the  emphatic  state  SJ^Epi^ ;  in  the  plural 
TSb^  (Ned.  50  6),  ]^b^  (Keth.  106  a),  and  usually  ^sbSi . 

"The  plural  of  .S;inn  is  7X^-1  (Ned.  50  6),  "Sin-i  (M.  MS., 
A.  Z.  16  a),  "pIST  (5ull.  7  a),  and  commonly  ^r^^'^^")  (Sanh. 
26  a,  Gitt.  57  a,^Pes.  62  6) ;  that  of  «ri22n  is  -an")  '(Sanh.  16  a), 
i<ri-n  (Ber.  6  a),  and  i^ninn")  or  J^rHnuH  (MS.'  karlsr.  and  R. 
Hananel,  Sanh.  26a).'       '      ' 

§137.  Forms  marked  by  a  dagger  end  frequently  also  in 
mT  ;  those  marked  by  an  asterisk  are  found  also  written  in  one 
word;  parenthetic  forms  are  in  the  construct  state. 

§  138.  The  ending  "^7  is  contracted  to  77,  (^7),  "7,  'fT^  i"  the 
numerals  for  2,  80,  and  200.  Final  a  has  been  changed  to  e  under 
the  influence  of  adjacent  'J  in  7n";i< ,  ^C""" ,  ^C'bFl  and  the  like 
(§73).  The  ending  e  in  ^TlFl  represents  an  original  ai.  For 
the  sifting  of  vowel  in  ^r^Fl  for'^rin  ,  Vnb^n  for  --nbri ,  rf.  §92. 

1  The  1  hero  may  bo  an  ortliogr.ophical  luxury  to  mark  tlio  plural;  but  may  also  ropro- 
scnt  "7" ;  cf.  §  70. 


§143]  NUMERALS  43 

§  139.  In  "pn  and  '^Tnr\  the  original  3  of  the  second  radical 
has  been  dissimilated  under  the  influence  of  the  final  •  (§  53) .  The 
form  ^nn  is  formed  by  analogy  of  "^^n  .  In  "f ri"]n  original  /  of  the 
first  syllable  became  a  under  the  influence  of  the  following  "! .' 

§  140.  The  following  examples  will  illustrate  how  compound 
numbers  greater  than  19  are  formed: 


ini  -^-iTr:? 

21 

Bekh.  50 

■^nnni  7"iir^ 

22 

Meg.  6a 

n^s";^:')  ^rrjii  nsi'j  nbn 

364 

Yoma  20  a 

^sbx  j^n^u: 

6,000 

B.  B.  73 

^sbx  nc^nn 

12,000 

M.  Q.  10  b 

i<Bb^  Hi^'P 

100,000 

Bekh.  8  b 

;j^ni"isn  nc^bri 

130,000 

Sauh.  26  a 

•pinn  -f n^-d 

600,000 

Hull.  7  a 

5<niin-]  n!s;p  nbn 

3,000,000 

Pes.  62  6 

i<inn  "sbi<  rib5< 

10,000,000,000 

Sanh.  39  a 

§  141.  The  following  examples  show  the  influence  of  the 
Latin:  &<nn  ^Tj  ^n'J:  59,  Nidd.  30  o;  J^llj  ^52  -f^'TJ:  6P,  Er.  83  «; 
■j^n-in  "2?'v"9ri  78,'Ar.  13«;  ^nnn  ^^^-r^n  M.'MS.,Zeb.ll8  5; 
c/"  later  Hebrew  nniJ;  ^cn  n^s-^jj;'  .59.' 

§142.  Througl/interchange  of  b  and  T,  ^C^bn  and  "^C^'^ri  are 
used  interchangeably  for  12  and  :/5,  and  it  is  frequently  impos- 
sible to  know  which  number  is  meant.  Cf.  the  various  readings 
to  B.  M.  24  6,  46  a,  85  a,  86  a;  B.  B.  12  «,  77  5,  150  6;  Sanh.  26  a; 
B.  Q.  112  6;  Ber.  4  a,  8  a;  M.  Q.  10  6,  24  a,  26  a;  Bega  23  a; 
Yoma  87  b;  Taan.  18  b  {bis),  25  a;  Ilag.  4  a;  H.  G.  352;  a.  e.  A 
similar  interchange  is  found  in  Neo-Syriac  (Noldeke,  N.-S.  Gr., 

pp.  53,  153). 

§  143.  A  number  denoting  more  than  one  may  be  considered 
as  a  unit,  in  which  case  the  number  so  considered  is  preceded  by 
the  substantive  ^n  house,  family,  body.  E.  g.,  ^"^n  'Z  ,  Snjn  'Z 
a  body  of  two,  three;  two,  thr-ee. 

1  Later  forms  are :  ^HH  Hal.  Ged.  206  (bin) ;  ]n"]n  Hiid.  399 ;  inbn  three,  Mach.  Vitry 
119;  nOI-n  Se'elt.  109;  1-|D  lin  ibid.  116;  10  nfl  '-Sa'ur?  Tesa/.M,  §  172;  -^nO  "ibp  '''ttZ.; 

iD'an '6i(i-'i6;  -ipmc  ibM.;  "ib'^rnr  i?"'.  G<^r/.425, 595;  niry  snip  //a?.  Pes.  §39';  no'^nTr 
ii^d!  146  ibis) :  inV"  ":'an  i^^j.  aij;  "ictrn  ^vac/i.  Fi7)v/  i:  icion  .ft'/''.'/,  h.  g.  452  (f^/s). 


44  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [^l^'^ 

References:  ^"^t}  "II  frequent;  ^'^t)^^  Col.  MSS.;  "pnn  ^n 
/ico,  Sanh.  95  a;  &<inbn  ^S  //iree,  Sanh.  8  a;  HS^nn^^  ^n  four, 
gebu.  42  «;  iTJJ/pn  ^:a  ^uc,  Yeb.  101  b;  fnW  ^S  ten,  Er.  30  a, 
S6ta  38  6;  tXrbt)^  "fllT^^  ^II  twenty-three,  Sanh.  8  a;  Hi^'J  ^^  a 
hundred,  Ber.  50  a,  Yeb.  88  «.' 

§  144.  ""^ri  ^ioo  takes  pronominal  suffixes  to  express  determina- 
tion, in  which  case  it  expands  its  form  to  "TV} .'  Thus,  '^TT^^  we 
both,  gebu.  37  b;  ^i^1"nn  you  both,  B.  Q.  60  6;  "in^l-^ri  they  both, 
Keth.  83  b;  ^rr'TT)  g'ull.  45  b;  ^H^™  Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  31  a.' 

§145.  Luzzatto's  remark  {op.  cit.  §  63),  that  the  compound 
numbers  in  ^10  are  of  rare  occurrence,  I  cannot  confirm.  They 
occur  as  frequently  as  those  in  "^0 ,  if  not  oftener.  It  must, 
however,  be  noticed  that  the  masculine  and  feminine  forms  are 
sometimes  used  promiscuously.  Whether  such  a  confusion  in 
the  use  of  the  genders  is  original,  or  is  only  due  to  later  copyists, 
is,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  ancient  MSS.,  hard  to  decide. 

§  146.  Now  and  then  we  meet  with  numerals  taken  from  other 
languages.  They  are  used  in  homiletical  etymologies  and  as 
illustrations  of  special  points  in  Halacha.  Thus,  Ber.  56  b,  the 
name  Cappadocia  is  explained  tl'^W'J  U^j^^'^  Sni'^3  J5E3  .  "  Kappa  " 
means  6mm,  "dika"  means  ten  (SeVa).     Er.  18  a  V'^   [Bvo)  tioo, 

twice.    Naz.  8  b  irib"^  "i^^nts  D^np  -i^^i  nri5<  -n  n;f  ii<  ciD'j^o 

ir^n  "03^t2:^E    yS^J^    "li^^tSt:  Symmachos   says:    cv  means   one, 

Styovos     two,    Tpiyiavo'i  three,   T€T pay (onov  four,    yrevTayoivo?  fve    (fold). 

B.  B.  164  b  i<:^r},  ha,  one.  M.  Q.  28  a  'fin  Ya'akob  ed.  princ. 
^rt^  id.  'Ar.  Sanh.  89  a  the  Persian  numeral  XJ^  1000.  occurs 
in  the  Persian  phrase  55:^3  iTn  '^5<5  an  ass  of  a  thousand 
colors. 

B.  Ordinals.— %  147.  Sing.  masc.  m'p_,  rmp_  ,  M^^'^IP    (Ned. 

40 «,    51  rt);    fem.     5<n""^p ,   J^P^^'P  ;  pl^^"-   ^^^^-  ^^W  '  ^^°^- 

5<n"^^p ,  i<n-riip  first.  ' ' 

1  In  lator  litoraturo:   ^nn3  HG.  3W,  489;  Nnbn^3  Md.  62,  05 ;  KPbna  ibid.  489,  490; 

Tit-         -  ¥      I        I    -      I 

2  Cf.  Barth,  Nominalbfldung,  p.  4. 

3  In  lator  literature:  •^7^''^y^  HG.  282;  ■jirT^nbn ,  '^np''nbn  (he!/  three,  ibid.  61; 
'in'^nrSni?  they  four,  ibid.  398'  '  For  tho  C^T  in  these 'forms,  cf.  NOldeko,  iSyr.  Gram.,%i9, 
and  Kautzsch,  Oram.  d.  Bibl.-Aram.,  %(>'>,  1,  n.  1. 


§154]  NUMERALS  45 

§148.  Sing.  masc.  7;:n .  !}<";:n  (Ned.  21a,  63a),  snr;:n 

('Ar.  Gitt.  6  a),  second;  ^J^n'bn  .  ni^n^bn  ihird;  HiO'^nn  fourth; 

V  -'  t.:tt.:  tt.; 

nj^y^TJJ  seventh,  Nidd.  67  b;  nSl^^r:'  tenth.    Plur.  fern,  nn^^ynn 

TT»:  TT'-;  TTT»: 

fourth.^ 

§  149.  The  expression  ^"Bp  i^lZ])  (Gitt.  12  6,  B.  B.  97  a,  Pes. 
7  a)  corresponds  to  the  later  Hebrew  "ViJi^"!  "ilTJ^^ ,  meaning  htj 
and  hy,  by  degrees,  gradually,  successively.  Phir.  masc.  "t^tlp 
^i<5P  ,  Pes.  7  a.' 

§  150.  Sabb.  31  h,  88  a,  Ar.  13  a,  ^t^n^bn  is  used  in  the  sense 
of  triple. 

§151.  a.  Like  the  ordinals  are  used  a  number  of  other 
numeral  adjectives: — Sing.  masc.  5<r">ni!<  another;  lJ^r*)ll^i< ,  Col. 

MS.  Pes.;  &<;'^™  TF.,  p.  11;  fem.^  5i^l^^r:^^ ,  "n^'^n,^ ,  ^^r^^ 

(R.H.  l8&),^^5n^rn^5,  u^n^n^^n^^  (Yeb.  64?>)  ^n^nn^^^  (Coi.MS. 

Pes.),^^TOw^  (Qid^47a,  B.'kVlSa,  a.  e.).— Plur. 'masc.  ^r-^n^, 
^rnmi<  (Col.  MS.  Pes.)  W«,  TF.,^.  12,  ^T^m^,  ibid.  17;  fem. 
^P'^^'PT?  (Ned.  20  b,  22a)V" 

'  5)/Sing.  masc.  n^<"^nn ,  ^J^'^nn ;  fem.  5<ri^';'inn,  5<f^"^tl2l;  plur. 
masc.  ^i^^nn ;  fem.  Xn''"^nn  ihe^last,  the  latter.— ^^Tt^Zl  ^C5  ^"nn 

..  T  :    T  T     T  T  ;  T  _  ••  T  :  T        ••  T       ••  : 

the  last  tioo  ci/j)s.  Pes.  108  b;  T^'^riZl  iPUS^T  ^K'^lTiSb  to  my  suc- 
cessors (descendants)  icho  are  to  come  after  thee,  A.  Z.  10  6. 

C.  Fractional  Numbers. — §  152.  Fractional  numbers  are 
expressed  partly  by  separate  nominal  formations,  partly  by  various 
constructions   of   the   cardinals.      The   separate    formations   are: 

«3bB,  ^-ibB,  ^iibs  (B.M.  77  a)  4;  j^nb^n ,  ^J^nb^n,  \^ribn  (Sabb. 

87  a,  ed.'Sonc.j  i;  iCT'^^  \;  i^'^'ZTl'l;  J^n^n'-j: ,  m^Ti'^  |. 

§153.  ^"^T^I^n  Xnbri  |,  Sukk.'32&;  ^Bbsxnbn  f,  Sabb.  346; 

^3?n^n  i^nbn'i  ih\iJ'^r\bT\  i^rbn  |,  ^nbn  ^'-iri  f,  /6h/.  35a; 

..  :       .  T  T    :       4  •• :     •  t  t    :         ^  ..  :    .  ..     :        ^ 

l^iptD^n  yf///is,  Tem.  27  a;  'pPr^bs  the  half  of  them,  B.  B.  8  a.' 

§  154.  In  Syriac  a  difference  of  spelling  exists  in  the  word 
]^oZ ,  the  second  z  being  spirantic  when  it  means  three  years 

iln  later  literature:  Sinf<.  fem.  S^n"^:!:! ,    HG.  250;  KHl'^Sn .   ^VF.    101;    NPTl^bn 

T"I«  T-l-  T--: 

HG.  250;  xn^'^ai. .  i<ri''';'5'"'nn  -vr.  loi;  xn'^icpn  hg.  379;  i^ri-iTrr  und.-uasc. 
nsiTiJi'an  ''t^id.  eis;  nxnimij  ''"'''•.•  nsr'an  H'i'i.;  ^^?r:'an  /^/(^62o.  xho  nhuh 

TT»-I  TT-t  ,  TT'I  TT-:- 

must  have  been  nSy^lCn*,  Xn''r''©P*- 

2  C/.  Luzzatto,  op.  cit.,  §64.  and  Dalman,  o;).  cit.,  p.  169. 

3 In  later  literature:  Xnin  i,  HG.  121;  rW'Q^'n  i-  ''''d.  487. 


46  in.     MORPHOLOGY  [§1^^ 

old.^  The  same  distinction  may  have  obtained  in  our  idiom;  we 
should,  therefore,  have  to  read  i^t^bT\  in  the  expression  JJ^lnyn  ^b:^^ 
with  the  second  fl  spirantic. 

§  155.  The  forms  J^ll^nd  ,  ^^n^nn:  come  per  metafhcsin  from 

5<nri"^'u: ,  i<nn^'J: ,  formations   like    5<rib^n  ,  J^nb^n  .      They   were 

t:.t:  t   :      •  t:._ 

transposed  to  avoid  their  interchange  with  ^rT'JJ  six,  and  ^PVJ 
weh,  nehvo7-k,  forms  to  which,  in  accordance  with  the  genius  of 
the  language,  they  must  have  been  ultimately  reduced.  It  must 
be  added  that  i^H^n'O; ,  J^m^ri"!:  are  as  little  ordinals  as  the  other 

T  ;  T      •     : 

forms  given  in  this  paragraph,  and  the  assertion  of  the  diction- 
aries to  the  contrary  must  be  corrected. 

D.   Oilier  Denumerative  Nouns. — §156.  n&<Tn%  plur.  ^^^Tn*^ 
single,  unique;  V^^TZ^_    quart    (of  a  j^b),  Er.  64  a,  a.  e.,  fem. 

i!ir\TDr\ ,  piur.  fern.'  ^^ri^^::?^nn ,  i<n.^y^nn ,  Coi.  ms.,  Pes.  109  b; 

5!<y^Ili  a  square;  !J$3'I1^"  name  of  a  small  Persian  weight  —  Gitt. 
22 a;' i!i,W2T> ,  plu/.  '""'^P^^  '^"^  of  the  five  books  of  the  Penta- 
teuch or  of  the  Psalms;  'later  the  Pentateuch;  ^7p''_^^'Z^~  fifths, 

pentads;  '^2i7\,  )XPuiT\T\ ,  xnrrFi ,  ^'^^y^'^,  i^n:Vri' , '  ^n^^in , 

thoman,  a  measure  containing  the  eighth  part  of  a  2p;  plur. 
J^n^^j/^iri;  ^'^iW  the  giving  of  tithes;  plur.  i^n^'^^isy  tithes, 
decades.  Here  belongs  also  the  pronoun  "'I"!!  one  another,  a 
contraction  of  i^in  i^l"  ,  with  the  plur.  masc.  ending,^  and  5<n^'3 , 
^T02 ,  city,  from  ri^12  hundred;  properly  a  hundred  tents  or  houses.^ 


A^ERBS    AND    ADVERBIAL    EXPRESSIONS. 

Adverbs  of  Place.— %  1^1.    ^r2  ^n    amo)ig    others.  — ^:^, 

"i^^n,  ^5<^n&<  (^91),  nnb:^,  ^K^n^j,  ^i<nn&<*2,  outside,  from 

T  r  t;-         ^^  ^  -:•  tt«  t:-" 

outside.— ^^iri  ^n3,  nin  ^3,  together.--!  15<ny«  on  top  of— 
^^,  13,  Tj,  «J3,  ^i<^J,  "5<1:^5  (§91)  inside,  amid.-^Zs^lZ 
inclusive,  opposed  to  "^nb/J  exclusive. —  XJ^.  therein.— -'iXr\  ,^"21^^ 
^DH  (Col.  MS.,  Meg.  9  6)  here,  in  the  case  before  us. —  iXD""*! , 
W  (Ar.  30a),  ^H  (Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  Ill  b)  where;  ^Ti'Z ,  i^'2r}''2  , 
whence;  i<-T;b  whither;  S3'n&<  ivherenpon.    "1  ^52""  bS  ,  5<5^«  b3 


1  Noeldoko,  SG.,  p.  89. 

aimn  one  another  (fem.),  //G.,  ed.  princ.  82  6. 

^Cf.  Maclean,  op.  cit.,  p.  67. 

*  On  the  various  constructions  of  S3n .  soo  Zunz,  Das  Adverbium  '|S3 .  ZDMQ.  XXJV. 
pp.  .591-598,  reprinted  in  Vol.  III.  of  his  Ges.  Schriften. 


gl59]  ADVERBS  47 

""  (Col.  MS.,  Pes.  96  rt)  wherever,  in  all  cases  ichcre. — p""^n3 
instead. —  Cnn  there,  in  that  case.  DFl ,  "i^n  there. —  i<Tyb ,  b^3?b , 
b"''>- .  ""i^b""- ,  above,  u^iward,  on  top,  .s?fpra. —  "|53p5  beneath, 
below,  ahead,  further,  infra.  — T"}}'!  (8abb.  92  «j,  nnnrp 
(Bekh.  8  6),  5<n"inb  (M.MS.,  Beqa'iha),  J<Finb  (B.  B.  45'rt), 
nsrinnb  (B.  Q.  23  6),  "^^PFI^J  beneath,  underneath,  doion,  below 
(§§82Vl58).' 

§  158.  With  the  forms  in  ^S~,  "^5",  some  such  word  as  i^'l^ 
is  to  be  understood.     On  J^J-^^b  .'snrnb .  see  above,  §  82.      The 

T     ••  :  T    :     -  :  ^' 

X  in  "&^125<,  "'5^ir»5<  is  prothetic.  Driri,  J^wH  are  compounds  of 
5<n  and  Dn ,  Hebr.  Q'i ,  and  S3,  Hebr.  TO,  respectively.  In 
'i^n  and  "52pb  (  =  "i  +  D"Ip  +  Zi)  we  have  the  demonstrative  element 
■,~ .  The  reading  of  the  latter  '^pb  and  not  with  Levy  "^pb  is 
warranted  by  tradition,  supported  by  the  vocalization  of  the  Col. 
MSS.,  and  has  its  analogies  in  our  idiom.  In  5<3it!J<  we  have  a 
compound  of  5<(  =  b3')  and  i<S-t  ;  X3"" ,  ^5r5<  consist  of  ^^^  and 
■n,  ^5<  respectively.  In  "J^Vinp  \  =  r;^5n"n  +  "J)  and  iirinb 
(i^niMn+b)  we  have  syncope  of  n  . 

^Adverbs  of  Time.—%  159.  -^^5  Col. MS.  "nj* ,  --^i5< ,  tvhile,  when, 
when  not  yet.— ^zn'l^ ,  ^:ni  ^^"'^J^  (Col.  MS.,  Meg.  16rt  vocalizes 
"!Dm  ■'jmii^^,  meanwhile,  in  the  meantime.  Jj^STU^n ,  !5<;'^■'^5^ 
(  =  i<;'^"  +  kn),  now,  this  time,  nowadays.  ln"^^5<  (Col.  MS.,  Meg. 
12  a  vocalizes  ln'!2''i<),  lohen. —  ri"J^!S5  bs  whenever,  as  long  as,  as 
often  as.— ^F13!^,  ^'n35< ,  ^nr&5  (Col.  MS.)  still,  yet,  even  notr.^ 
^nbi^b,  iFib'sr^"  (Ned.*4  6,"itasi,  ibid.,  has  nnbyj  "2),  inb^^b  -,7^ 
(Ned.  27  6)  on  the  spot,  at  once.'— lpri"JJ5<  (  =  ^5'n^-^-p  XniT  +  pro- 
thetic i^)  last  year. — "^Hnb  ,  ^!^i<b,  after,  later  on. — 'TZ  *rs 
in  the  7neanwhile.—lj:$-'^'i',  in^'-^'n',  i<2><"'n  (Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  32  a, 
with  apocope  of  1  and  change  of  >'  to  5< ) ,  lit.  ivhen  it  was  done, 
ex  post  facto. — J^H  already,  since. —  SriT"  now,  at  present. — 
"p7J^T  sometimes. —  b'ZTC'i^  yesterday. —  ^'^"'^'i^b  (Col.  MS.,  Zeb. 
84a),  ^^■1r;  ^iTrb  (B.  M.  17  a),  &<"^™  ^-^Tr)  {ibid.  H.  MS.), 
i<'^-i^'2rb''(ibid.'ed.  Ven.),  5<r^nj5  k'^rb  \ibid.  F.  MS.),  after- 

tt:      t:^  '  t.:-t: 

to-morrow. — "3,    "3,  ivhen. —  ^"3  noic;  when  he. —  ^3'^  since,  as 

1  SD'^n  tiei-e,  HG.  477  (bis) ;  i<D"'S  where,  ibid.  63,  69,  a.  e. ;  i{pnnb  ,  ibid.  315. 

2  The  statement  of  the  dictionaries  that  "lITlbS  occurs  only  with  b  is  to  be  corrected 
accordingly. 


48  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [§160 

soon  as.—  -l  n'J3  (Yoma  13o,  Sabb.llOa),  "1  r'lti  bS,  n?J3  b^3 

T    ;      ,^  -^  T  ;  T  T     ; 

'1  (Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  6  a)   ?r«/i7,  as  Zow<7  as. — In^b  to-morroiv. — 

br»3?b  ,  bm^'S,  soow. —  "n  ^IS? ,  ""1  "'ins  during,  ivhile,  meanwhile, 
before,  when  7wi  yet. —  Dbs'b  (Gitt.  85  6,  legal  style)  forever. — 
«"^l>77^  at  first,  from  the  start.— iC"^  ^91^^^  ^J"^  ^'^tIP.  IP 
(legal  style),  formerly. —  i<'!2J^"i^  at  first,  at  the  heginning. — 
Tr^'^72  at  first,  heretofore. —  ^n ,  H^n  again,  anew,  moreover,  yet 
more,  further,  besides.^ 

Adverbs  of  Manner. — §160.  J^^2''5<  verily,  indeed. —  niil"l'nH 
[=  nS1  +  *l+ 'J5  (  =  by)]  (turn  to  the  stronger  eide.  I  rest  my 
argument  upon  what  is  superior;  on  the  other  side  is  a  stronger 
claim)  oji  the  contrary. —  ^^rT^is^  j3J^  by  the  way,  apropos. — 
J^^"^;*  nSJ^  incidentally,  occasionally.— tTV\')'A,  Di&<^n^1i<  (ci'^e'cos) 
quickly,  rapidly,  soon. —  ''5<'1  in  case  when. —  J<jicpb>Jl^  crosswise. 
tyb'lZ^i^  bustrophedon;  t^"*""^ ,  5^^"nb  openly,  explicitly. — 1111 
again,  ^^H  ,  pH  {TF.  2^  Ua  and 'frequently),  ^'ZT}  (Col.  MSl, 
Pes.  110  a),  so,  thus. — iXpT\  expressly,  distinctly,  only. —  "'J^'Hl 
(Ber,  5  6)  certainly,  surely,  rightly,  ivith  good  reason. — ["'bu^l ,  v^^"' , 
p^roper^^. —  [n^H"' ,  tT'S'D],  Stir's,  ivell.—  '^l^  for  nought,  in  vain, 
for  no  jjH?-j90se.'— "iifib,  Winb  (B.  Q*.'38a),  i^'ZZZ  ^E3«2l, 
i<T2JSj  ^uiX3. ,  separately,  alone,  for  oneself. —  nni5<!lb  cd  first 
sight,  apparently.— '^•'f^  ^EbS  ,  M^b  ^EbS  ,  X^bli^  '^EbS  ,  ^^b^SbS 
(MS8.  K.,  M.,  Zeh.  ^i2ci)" just  ^ the" reverse.'— •'i^'^2  gratis.— 
^Y^2'2,  Col.  MS.,  Pes.  (voc),  )^Y'212  (§§77,  90)  ' of  itself .— 
H^rrir-i,  nrn,  5<^jbirn,  J^^blZJ'n  (Cof.  MS.,  Meg.  2  6),  granted  it 
is  right,  it  would  be  right. — I'lnc  round  ahout. —  J^'JPC'i  (§23) 
presumably,  probably,  I  dare  say. —  i<''jb2?2l  plainly,  simply, 
merely,  only. — Tp"iEt5  supinely. —  !}<p,  "Sp,  "p,  a  particle  used 
generally  with  the  participle  to  form  the  present  (§66). — 
TE"::  well.'' 

§  161.  J^ri'Sn  is  formed  of  J^H  this,  and  of  the  passive  parti- 
ciple of  ri^lD ;  nrn ,  of  ^nn  let  a  be,  and  the  active  participle  of 

1  In  later  literature:  "^Dni  "^271171,  HG.  100;  inin  ^3  (  =  n'a"'5i  bS),  il'id.  164; 
TlSSi.  if>id.i:>6;  irnaib,  iv^'v/.  6:{";  \^3  (legal  style)  i'hid.Sv';  XDS"'"! .  '^"f"'-  ed.  Harkavy, 
§181. 

2  According  to  some  IHS  is  a  shortened  form  of  ^^HS  ;  according  to  Luzzatto  ('^S'^ID 

b'lTE .  P-  3058g.)  it  is  a  contraction  of  K'^H  +  T  +  3  tis  it  is. 

3  In  later  literature:  D12  verily,  indeed,  So'el.  1;  "j^Dn  fhus,  so,  IIG.  86,10.?;  *Tin3  . 
HG.  29:  i?~nb  KeparaMy,'MV.  32;  S"nn3  together,  ihi,i.\  nS^  more,  TG.,  ed.  Harkavy, 
passim;  cf.  fVr  the  latter  Noeldoke,  A'Sg'  1.59.    it)?"jSCb  (  ^  Sp^  "1X5  )  HG.  im. 


§165]  ADVERBS  49 

said  verb ;  it  occurs  also  in  the  form  HD^rn .  The  above  and 
tX^2^'Z1i,  are  synonymous.  The  latter  is  used  in  reference  to  a 
superior  sort  of  authority  {e.g.  of  Scripture)  as  compared  with 
that  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  former.  Note  the  expression 
■^Sn  13.  such  a  one,  such  a  fellow. 

•     T  - 

Adverbs  of  Quantity. — §  162.  "ii3"5<  (Gittin,  58  a)  according 
to  Rail,  ad.  /oc.=  T!23  a  little. —  313  ,  !J<2^t3  a  good  deal,  much. — 
npjb  entirely. —  ^^p,  SJ^^Sp,  T^r^Z  ,\nore.—  ^^r\\  5<ni^P'n  mo7'e, 
greatly.— ^tri  bS  ,  ^^n  "'V'lS  {Mi',  all  this)  so  much!—''ir>12^  b!) , 
■"  "i<-3  bS^'Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  6  a),  as  much  as. —  H'^S  how  much, 
how  many!  ....  ^£t3  ....  1  ^"33  the  more  ....  the  more:  R.  H. 
26  h,  •'bTC  ^ii:  florin  ir^rS  r"3-  m?33  the  more  one  bends  his 
mind  the  better  it  /s.— ^""1  bs  the  least  possible  quantity,  what- 
soever.— I'JL'iS"  n-3  as  much   as   possible. —  SJ^niiS    a  little,  a 

-    :  V    :  T  :  t    : 

trifle. —  b^bp  ,  ^bp  a  little. —  X3'l  much,  very  much. 

Interrogative  Adverbs.  — %\m.  t\l2''^,  np"t<  (Col.  MS.) 
ichen? — Ti^  is  it  recdly  so? — Jj^'^rii^  to  ivhich  does  this  refer? — 

•       ••  T     —     — 

^•^b  for  what  j^nriwseJ  —  ^rrath,  (li<r;  +  ^"J<b)  ichither?  {TF., 
p.'26).  — i<rn,'  'n  (Col.  ksV),  iohere?—'i<Trib  whither?— 
iXDT''2,  ^'-'2,"]^:'2",  "J/J,  i^j'g  whence?— ^Til  ,\6 -ri  (MS.,  Vat. 
117",' "B.  M"  67  6V,  rr^n,  Ztow;.^— ^t:5<,  ^T'i,-  ^-i3:i,  (in  ques- 
tions  expressing  surprise  or  indignation)  do  you  mean  to  say? 
is  it  because?  how!?  ivhat!?-^^  (Ned.  Sa),  ^3  ,  ^'3^  ,  "31 ,  num? 
t^b  rj  nonne?—r'2b,  X"3b ,  n"3b^ ,  "IJ^^^^ ,  vihy,  wherefore?  — 
'^b ,  "^b ,  ^"b ,  a  particle  of  doubtful  character.  See  Kohut. 
Aruch.  Compl.  s.  v. 

§161.  On  the  punctuation  of  ^^2  see  above  (§90).  It  is 
the  apocopated  form  of  "!J5r3  ,  which  latter  is  a  compound  of 
"'3  +  "ii<  .  It  is  joined  to  the  following  word,  forming  a  compound. 
Thus,  ■b5"3  whence  have  we  this?  TrbV'2  (Zeb.  8  b,  Naz.  48  6,  a.  e.) 
ichence^has  he  this?  ^br3  ^3ll"3  ,  ■brr2Jl"3  (Col.  MSS.)  whence 
have  you  these  things? 

§  165.  ■'3  and  "'73  are  generally  preceded  by  a  1 .  The  former 
introduces  nominal  sentences,  the  latter  verbal.  ""'2 ,  or  "^'2^ , 
usually  stands  immediately  before  the  verb.  If  the  verb  be  pre- 
ceded by  a  negative,  ""'2  is  often  inserted  between  the  negative 


'  &f  3^i?  -   HG.  m.  69. 

-  Cf.  Stube,  Jiid.  habyl.  ZauberteJ'f*%  i>.  -jQ. 


50  in.     MORPHOLOGY  [§1^6 

and  the  verb.'  ^'2  ^b  (Sabb.  68  6),  ^2  l^^b  (Pes.  102  a;  M.  MS., 
Er.  20  6;  Sabb.  32  a;  B.  M.  32  «,  a.  e.). 

§  160.  Note  the  following  idiomatic  expression:  ....  llJ^b  '^^s'- 
.  .  .  .  S<b  couldn't  we  understand  by  it  rather  tin's 9  ....  No  I  it  is 

T 

raiher. —  in"-''*?^ ,  5<iTl ,  "j"*!!  ,  and  Tl  ,  are  used  also  as  relative 
adverbs.  Some  of  the  adverbs  given  here  have  at  times  the  force 
of  interrogative  conjunctions  and  should  more  properly  be  called 
interrogative  particles. 

Affirmative  Adverbs. —  %  1^)1 .  n^X  ,  ^^ri^J^,'  i<5"^^  (=]i<3  +  n-H) 
there  is;  ''^ ,  'fJ^  (so  Col.  MSS.)  yes,  (=  Hebrew'  *ri).  'in  one 
instance  n^5<  takes  verbal  form:  "JS!  ^Itl'^lf^  we  are,  Pes.  50 «. 
Cf.  II.  Targum  to  Esther  2,  18  rri"i<  they  'are. 

Negative  Adve7-bs.—%  168.  n^b  (=  n^S  +  U^b),  ^^n^b ,  there  is 
not,  is  not;  J^rb  (  =  i53  +  ln^b)  id'.;  ^b ,  It^b  (kilM  +  ^5b)  is  not, 
not,  no.     ^j  is  generally  used  with  verbs,  li^j  with  nouns. 

Adverbs  of  Doubt.— ^  169.  J^-^b^'H  ,  ^5•:b"'^  ( i^'::  +  b  +  ^l  cf. 
Hebrew  H'^blT ,  later  ^^^'JJ )  perhaps;  '\ti^ ,  Col.  MS.,  vocal. 
■lirS&<  perhaps,  it  may  be,  possibly. 

T   ;     • 

PREPOSITIONS. 

A.  Inseparcd)le  Prepositions. — §  170.  tJj5  is  an  abbreviation 
of  b^^  =  b"  and  is  used  in  all  the  significations  and  constructions 
of  the  latter.  It  is  used  also  before  gutturals:  Men.  31  a,  ^('2^(^( , 
Keth.  40  b,  a.  e.  !J<n5< . —  Notice  the  force  of  the  preposition  after 
mn  to  become,  happen,  befall,  in  the  standing  phrase  iTiirn  ^T'2 
Ti<,  lit.  something  tJtat  happened  ivith  .  .  .  .  ,  tliis  is  something 
like  ....  The  expression  is  used  to  introduce  an  analogical  case 
as  an  illustration  to  a  previous  statement  of  opinion  on  some  legal 
point  under  discussion. 

4<  171.  '3  ,  "3, ,  "■'m  ,  "3  ,  "3  ,  is  used  as  in  the  Targumim  and 
Hebrew.  A  few  examples  of  some  rare  usages  may  be  mentioned. 
n'^"'^3  "'3  KH/iJ^Z  )X^'J'2  'C^^  the  top  of  the  small  intestines  ntnsf 
he  scraped  np  to  a  cnbit's  length.  IJull,  iVSa;  i<">p  "!ri-3  Z"' 
RabJi  read  as  a  jyriest,  Meg.  22  a,  /.  r.,  was  called  up  the  lirst 
to  read  the  weekly  lesson  from  the  Pentateuch.  ""B'ZZ  'HI'l^l 
!J<7ir'2  "Z  """t'i  and  yet  titese  are  the  most  beantifnl  <f  the  jx-ople 

'  The  vorl)  in  tl.is  caso  includes  tlio  participle,  liiit  not  (lie  infinitive. 

2  In  Xr^N  .  Nr"^b  the  ending  may  be  =  Tt^  ,  I)iit  <■/.  Nooldeke,  itfff.,  §213. 


^174]  PREPOSITIONS  51 

of  Mahozd.  R.  H.  17  a.  *,""rS  *£!^  and  he  dropped  torn  in  two. 
S<rbn!n ,  5<^">r"S ,  in  the  presence  of  three,  of  ten,  Ber.  56  6,  fr. 
Cf.  also  below  (§  171:).  The  12  is  found  in  the  Talmud  also  in  a 
separate  form  ""2." 

§172.  3.  3.  3,  like. —  b,  b,  b,  to,  nnto;  generally  nota 
accuscdivi. — 72,  ',2,  from. 

§  173.  To  the  Palestinean  R.  Johanan  we  owe  the  single 
example  of  the  use  of  b  with  oaths  as  a  particle  of  asseveration, 
as  in  Arabic,  Ethiopic,  and  Assyrian.' 

Separate  Prepositions. —  §171.  "SSJ^  (§28)  upon,  on.  "5< 
^^''"C'l'u  upon  a  chair;  ^r.''"'  "3&^  upon  their  hands,  Sanh.  17  a.' 

'■■^hnt^  (  =  -nn  +  b«),  c/.'nni. 

-T-^  _T  _/  •'  -T 

2iilJ>  (  =  Zii  +  bS<)  on,  upon;  hjj  dint  of,  hy  the  wajj  of,  on 
account  of. 

■'^inj^  behind,  hacliward. 

^tii^  on  account  of,  for  the  sake  of     The  word  is  connected 

with  Fellihi-Syriac  yl ,  yL4  .  j^:!] ,  ^J ,  and  ^L^  of  other  Syriac 
dialects.^ 

^T^^5 .  -TS  .  5^Ti5  (A.  Z.  15  a;  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  35  b),  by  means 
of,  through,  by  the  way  of.     Cf.  Hebrew  T  !^? . 

bii:/£^,  (^ii:^^«.  "i2^«),  i<rb^it:ti&^ .  ij^nb^'i:^^ ,  for  tJie  sake 

of  on  account  of.  The  word  is  of  doubtful  etymology.  The 
original  form  was  evidently  b'it2l2^<,  a  compound  of  ^^I3  +  "|'i  +  by  , 
which  former  may  mean  sliade,  protection,  burden,  or  going, 
passing;  cf.  the  Hebrew  bb^Hl ,  "^^-^S  .  In  the  expression  b^t:72X 
^rn  the  final  b  of  b'^rS/ZiH.  Vs   often  attached  to  "3!!  and  written 

^rnb  ^D^a^ .    (m.  v.  c'has  -rnb  -d:^^^).' 

■^!J^  .  '£I^s ,  only  with  the  prepositions  0  and  Z  :  "^Sp  toward, 
opposite;  "Ei<3l  in  the  presence  of,  before. 

1  YOma  84  a,  A.  Z.  28a,  we  are  told  how  a  woman  did  not  wish  to  tell  R.  Jfthanan  the 
formula  of  a  medicine,  unless  he  sworo  not  to  disclose  it  to  others.  He  agreed  to  it  and 
swore:  tf"bl'52  S<b  biil'iC"^"   iNn'^Sb  I'J  the  God  of  Israel,  I  shaU  not  disclose  it!    He 

T--:  T  -T:'l  TT 

then  went  and  f^ave  away  the  secret  to  his  audience  in  a  lecture  at  college.  When  asked 
how  he  could  break  his  oath,  ho  answered:  "I  said  'To  the  God  of  Israel  I  shall  not 
disclose  it ; '  but  not  to  the  people  of  Israel."  He  thus  explained  the  5  casuisticaUy  as 
a  mere  nota  dativi.  , 

21355  iu  ^ppi'^n  "^BX  upon  their  bosom,  Sanh.  17 o  is  a  compound  of  5i?  upon  and 
12  =  r»2.    In  later' iiteriiture :  TC   "^IS    u'^IPl  "^3  wAoi   ire   were  at  ovr  ior.i's  (at  f-y 

■,__  T--'T--1. 

house)  Se'el.  77. 

3  Cf.  Sachau.  Skizze  des  Fellichi-Diahkts  von  Mosul,  p.  .32,  37,  SO.    Maclean,  op.  cit.  187. 

*Cf.  5-nr  '^r:S,  p.  3O8S3.  But  cf  ^rn  '1:12s  TF.  2.  '"'^Z-  Hespons.  d.  Lihrer  d. 
Ost.  u.  Westens,  ed.  Muller,  §  122. 


52  III,  MORPHOLOGY  [§^'74: 

b^lll  on  account  of.     Only  Yoma,  75  h. 

''jI  within,  in,  hij,  etc.,  is  the  separate  form  of  the  preposition  !ll .' 
The  traditional  pronunciation  of  it  as  "^H  is  due  to  a  confusion 
with  '^'3.  between,  house. 

"n,  'fn,  Yr^,  5<^^r^,  J^rirn,  ^V):^,  between,  among.  Keth. 
28  a,  M.  MS.,  SaiDb.  110  a,  ^lT^r\TIi ;  (H.  G.  339  ^TX\T':l  ,  TT^p'n) . 
Notice:  ^"^U^pn ,  ^.V^^nn  ,  Cof.  MS.,  Meg.  12  « 6  (Voc.). 

i^)^,  i«bn,  without. 

y2    '^zb  ,    ""J  "izb  ,  except,  save,  besides. 

^n^,  ^a^^I,  ^nnb,  after,  behind. 

'^'3l\ ,  ''liLjb  ,  ;/t'a?',  rtf,  to,  with,  in  case  of,  toward. 

lit ,  iJ^It ,  X1S  ,  T3  ,  13  ,  constr.  st.  in  ,  5513,  generally  with  b  , 
n  and  "J  :  Ijb  ,  135 ,  r«/o,  amidst;  irQ  /h,  within,  amongst,  amidst; 
i3'J  from,  out. 

""  !J^"''pl'n  Z/A'e,  similar,  analogous  to. 

■'^n ,  only  with  3  or  b  :  "'iJlin  «;*Y/?,  by;  "'"nb  m;</6>,  fo  toward. 
The  singular  form  occurs  but  seldom:  Jj^inb  ,  A.  Z.  28  b. 

~bri  instead,  in  place  of. 

T\''  nota  accusativi.  This  is  very  rare  in  the  Babylonian 
Talmud.  H^n^  him,  Ned.  49  a;  nn^  Aer,  it,  eds.  Ned.  50  6;  -pj^^ 
?/o»,  Ber.  38 «;  ir";!!;  Nidd.  Glay]inn'^  them,  Ned.  25a,  4:1  a^ 
B.  M.  906,  a.  e.' 

ni3  //Ar;  ^Tl  ^ni3  ///;e  ?»e,  Col.  MS.,  M.  Q.  2b;  ni3  Z/A-e  me, 
ibid.  Pes.  105  6*  ('§  110) ;  yflllS  //Ay?  us,  B.  B.  05  a. 

■^3,'  "3  (=-  +  S)  like.     ij^rri'H  "3  now  (Sabb.  119a)=Hebr 
nS'S  . —  tXub'Z  13  //'A'c  that  of  a  dog,  ed.  Const.  Sanh.  90  a. 

'ji33  (  =  "l3  +  3)  like,  similar  to,  for  example. 

1  M.  Lanibort,  R^J.  XXII.,  r29  131  linds  this  form  of  tlio  preposition  also  in  Biblical 
Hebrew. 

■2  In  later  literature  the  oldor  form  m  has  boon  preserved:  "^DTll  ''"'«  (f.)  TG.  od. 
Harkavy,  §  15.  Cf.  also  Nooldeko,  SG.,  199,  note  1,  and  Lagardo,  Mitthril'l.,  226.  I.  H.  Weiss 
(.Ziir  Gesih.  d.  jUd.  Trad.,  II.,  1:38,  note  1),  justly  observes  that  the  fact  that  the  Biblical 
Aramaic  never  uses  pl''  o.a  nota  accusativi  except  once  witli  a  pronominal  snflix  (Dan.  3,  12) 

T 

would  t,'o  to  prove  that  tlie  use  of  this  particle  is  a  Hebraism  witli  Onkelos  —  and,  we  may 
add,  with  ;ill  otlier  Aramaic  lanKuafres  whore  its  use  is  found  —  who  intended  to  give  by  its 
adojition  a  basis  for  the  exercise  of  R.  Akiba's  liermeneutic  rule  that  every  nota  accusativi 
implies  an  inclusion  of  some  additional  case,  identifying,  of  course,  ni  witli  flX-    The 

T 

entire  want  of  this  particle  in  the  Mamlaic  —  an  idiom  outside  of  the  sphere  of  Jewish  infiu- 
onces  —  is  the  best  proof  of  Mr.  Weiss'  supposition. 

3 Some  scholars  see  tlio  same  use  of  "'S  also  in  Biblical  Uobrow.  C/.  Dubsowitz, 
Hit-BOker  'f)r,  V.  265-272,  and  M.  I.ainbert,  REJ.  XXII.,  129-131. 


§176]  PREPOSITIONS  53 

"SbS  (  =  ''E&<+b+3)  toward,  in  the  direction  of,  with  regard  to. 
nib"^o,  iinto.  '  m!  Q.  9?),  Tnib   to  thee.     B.  M.  62  6,  ^n^lb 

T  :  '      •   T  ;  •      T  ; 

to  me.     Very  rare. 

D^sb  (Hebrew  "^sb)  according  to.  Palestinean  ri^ll7^  in  con- 
sequence of,  through. 

-p,  ^12  (M.  MS.,  Men.  65  o),/rom,  out,  of. 

Wl'^'U  because  of,  on  account  of 

nbn"D  to,  unto. 

ly  nntil,  till.     "^  IT  instead  of.     Usually  contracted  to  ""^JJ^ . 

by  on,  upon. 

i<T  by  through,  by  means  of  (Ar.  16  6). 

i^b:? ,  J^Vi? ,  on,  njwn. 

^iby  on,  upon,  5ull.  8  6,  Sabb.  156  6,  a.  e.  (§§11,  181). 

'02  "^Vyb  above,  beyond,  higher  than,  before  (Sabb.  30  a, 
RasI,  a.  e.). 

WS  with.  In  the  Talmud  the  word  is  used  only  in  legal  style ; 
but  it  is  found  frequently  in  Se'el.  and  Hal.  Ged. 

bzpb  ,  5<bTpb  ,  opposite,  against,  before.  B.  B.  Ill  a;  Tarn. 
32  0.      (Palestinean.) 

D-p,  nipb,  nn]:.  yz,  before.  Sabb.  30  6;  67 «;  Gitt.  85  6. 
(Palestinean.) 

U^'Ep ,  ^12p  ,  ""^apb  ,  ■'^p'J  ,  before,  in  the  presence  of,  for.  Ar. 
31  6,  Tl"^~  5^^p"^  before  thee.^  The  word  is  generally  used  as  an 
expression  of  politeness  before  names  of  persons  in  authority. 

■^nin ,  ■"Jninri ,  beneath,  below,  under;  instead,  in  place  of 
(A.  Z.  10  a). 

§175.  "^3 "fn  means:  both  this  and  that.      T^b  ^^ 

*l52b  "^  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  one  as  well  as  to  that  of 
the  other. 

§  176.  "J  is  of  rare  use,  and  almost  entirely  limited  to  the 
pronominal  suffixes,  the  apocopated  form  being  used  before  nouns. 
Note  the  expressions  ^^T'2  TrT'2  out  of  it,  yea,  of  it,  i.  e.,  of  the 
very  thing. —  tl^n^  1TT'2 ,  the  same. —  WT12'2  bs  1i<b  he  is  not 
able.  The  expression  is  probably  originally  an  ironical  question, 
Is  everything  so  as  if  coming  from  Jn'm,  by  liis  authority 9 

1  Se'el.  ^n"i1")2''i>^  from  before  them.  H.  G.  100,  ril2]?p  for  her;  ibid.  387,  JJjbs  "^Tlp^ 
for  a  half. 


54  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [§  1'^^ 

§  177.  a)  The  preposition  b  having  become  particularly 
identified  with  the  accusative,  the  want  was  felt  of  a  definite  and 
distinct  nota  dativi.  By  adding  to  the  b  a  demonstrative  of 
determinate  distance,  nbtj ,  that  want  was  supplied:  the  simple, 
worn-out  b  now  became  TbTb  or  nbrT'b  .  The  concurrence  of 
two  b  's  caused  the  first  to  dissimilate  and  become  D .  We  thus 
get  nbnS  or  nbtT'j  . 

~  T  -:  -  T    -:    .  , 

6)  The  dictionaries  derive  our  word  from  D  +  ^H^j  ;  but  it  must 
be  evident  that  such  a  presumption  is  untenable,  since  the  verbal 
force  inherent  in  it  is  neither  relevant  nor  apparent  in  the  dative 
personal  pronoun.  Luzzatto's  etymology  of  b +n''p  is  subject  to  the 
same  objection:  n^j  would  evidently  be  akin  to  Ethiopic  nahu, 
Hebrew  nSJl ,  which  has  also  verbal  force  and  can  govern  onlj 
the  accusative.  Noldeke  connects  it  with  the  verb  bHD  to  lead  in 
Assyrian  and  Hebrew,  and  vocalizes  ^bjlj  with  plural  terminatioiL 

c)  nbrij  is  used  as  accusative  in  H^bn^p  "^^l^^?  ^''2/  '^'  ^-  ^ 
15  a,  and  t^bn^D  fib  'irp"iD  ive  redeem  her,  Gitt.  38  a. 

d)  ribn^j  and  t^lb  are  used  only  with  reference  to  men. 

§  178.  Traces  of  a  separate  form  "  "'b "  are  found  in  the 
scholastic  term  Ti^/-:'*t:^bl  and  according  to  the  reason  given  by 
thee,  Ned.  37  a  and  frequently,  and  in  TT^  ,  "tl^O  ,  to  them,  CoL 
MS.,  Pes.  116  ft  and  elsewhere. 

PREPO.SITIONS    WITH    PRONOMINAL    SUFFIXES.' 

§  179.  A  number  of  prepositions  are  generally  used  with  suf- 
fixes; some  of  them  even  exclusively  so.  Of  the  inseparable  prep- 
ositions only  two,  D,  and  b ,  take  pronominal  suffixes.'  Of  the 
separate  forms,  "^ni^X ,  ""liM^ ,  ^BZl^ ,   ^EX ,    7^ ,  ^nn,  ^23,   13, 

^in ,  n^ ,  ni3 ,  nib ,  v- ,  -> ,  «>^' » "i^? ,  ny ,  bnp.,  .sb--p ,  onp, 

,,    — .  -^  -Y  I      '  x  I  '•  —  T*  ••T    •  •  ••       T.  T      .  •  T    T, 

IXEp,  Tin,  "nirn,  are  ^en<??T/7/?/ used  with  pronominal  suffixes; 

&inbli::£i<,   SFlblt:^^^,   i^nrS,  and  nbrr^D   are   found   onlij   with 

TT  :-  t:  :-'  tt-  t-:. 

suffixes;  the  rest  of  the  list  are  never  found  with  suffixes. 

§180.  n:  ^n,'qn,'ri;n,  r^"n,^nn  (Coi.MS.,M.  Q.i8a),  nn, 
-n,  irn,  -pn:3,"inn,  -ira,  ■rin,*^n3.— b:  ^b,  Tjb,  ^rb  (Ketk 

52  6,  Ned.  50  6,  a.  e.,  legal   style),  H'b .  IPlb   (R.  H.  5  f/,  Sabk 

1  On  tbe  plural  form  of  some  prepositions  c/.  Lagiirde,  Mittheil.,  I.,  23185. 


§182]  CONJUNCTIONS 


00 


uob),  "nb  (Col.  MS.,  Pes.  90 o),  ^rr) ,  -n^b  (CoI.mss.),  .s:: 
(legal  style),  "b ,  ^ib ,  'inb ,  ^nb.'— "fn:  -rs,  -srn.  -"i', 
n-:-3,  nra,  -rn,  i<::'z  (legal  style),  ^r^rn,  ^n^^rs.— Vf  = 
^xrr,  -(rj  (§110),  -qr-f.  r,""^,  ?n-r:f,'nrp,  -r-f,  s:r'^ 
(legal  style),  ^Dr'f ,  'irr-f ,  'i-2"f ,  "in-r-/,  ^n^i,'  ^r 


'i»  I  ^  . 


%"Tr'^ 


§  181.  i<br  is  little  used  with  prepositions:  ^r;";b""  Qidd.  86; 
'riib-3?  Ber.'56«;  H^b:"  i^r^  tz:?  search  it,  Sir7  liied.  60  ar 
Instead  of  t^b^'  we  find  usually  ^i^^ ,  which  Col.  MS.,  Pes.  93  6, 
writes  and  vocalizes  "lU^!:!?^ .  Notice  also  the  by-form  ^Vb"?  O.  MS  . 
Sabb.  105  h,  a.  e.;  JJ^'Vb^  ujjon  him,  B.  B.  12  6  («^-  =  rq^-). 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

§182.  bzt<  hi(t,  however,  a  Hebraism.  15^  or,  if,  ivhether. 
ii<■i^^  either  .  .  .  or,  whether  .  .  .  or.  "J5  if,  whether  (§  183). 
1  ^r-^ri  .  .  .  X"f  b'in  ri^'Z^  ^^  I  grant  if  you  ivere  to  say  .  .  .  then 
it  would  be  right,  ^i^.  .  .'^  either  .  .  .  or,  whether  .  .  .  or.  "523  ^J< 
or,  even  ij. 

■'■^^  ,  ^T^H  ,  i^'l^iJ; ,  since,  as,  because. 

^n"b^  (  =  nin  \^),  used  like  ^iS"'!!^  or  TTZ  a.  v.— M.  MS.  and  ed. 
Pesaro,  A.  Z.  55  a. 

^T^X,  yjS;,  7'  (2  M.  MS.,  YOm.  30  6),  noiv,  then,  pray,  an 
exhortative  and  precative  particle  used  with  the  imperative.  For 
T  instead  of  1  r/.  §  31. 

Tj^K ,  a  particle  introducing  direct  speech  =  Hebr.  "3  ;  found 
only  in  legal  style. 

^T^,  ^D  ^K  (H.  MS.,  B.  M.  73  6),  ^S't^  (Sabb.  152  6),  nr.S 
(Yoma  57  a,  Yalq.  MS.)  is  a  compound  of  "|^^  if  and  J|3 ,  N3  here, 
now,  q.  u.,  and  is  etymologically  identical  with  Ethiopic  'enka. 
Generally  used  in  the  phrase  Xn'^n  ^3^JJ5  if  now!  oh  that!  with 
the  protasis  or  apodosis  sometimes  unexpressed. 

1  "fb  ,  TG.  ed.  Harkavy,  §5a5. 

'■■'  Cf.  the  German  expression :  sich  uber  Etwas  hermachen. 

3  ^T  HG.  187,  IT  ibid.  101, 183.-^31^,  akin  to  ^rX ,  "^PX ,  and  the  Hebrew  XlSijf , 
in  T'DrX  ^DIJ?  NS'^r?  ''0"^'  "<'"-''  s'ln'^  I  ««^f -^  SG.  410.  This  may,  however,  be  identical 
with  i^SiX ,  both  meanings  being  possible  with  the  latter  form,  as  Ethiopic  'enka  and  our 
^3  show. 


56  HI.     MORPHOLOGY  [§1^2 

SV^^  /  ^^^«  ,  ^^^i<  ,  ^bSl  (Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  6  a)  if  not,  hut,  except, 
onhj.  Compare  Latin  nisi,  Italian  se  non,  b^bsSt .  .  .  i^b  only;  cf. 
the  French  ne  .  .  .  que. 

^y^^  if,  a  Hebraism. 

^■^b^<  '  X"jb''i<  (Col.  MSS.),  consequently. 

T  :    -  T  :      •      ^ 

5<b -b5< ,  ■'b^jbt^  ,^  if  in  any  way  not,  if  not,  but  for,  if  indeed. 
r5<  also;  generally  '"'BZ  .  .  .  w  U5  also,  even.     "'^D  .  .  .  ~i<  .  .  .  !J^"^ 
as  .  .  .  so.* 

^bSi< ,  ^b'^S^^  even  if,  even,  a  Hebraism. 

■^  Z3  b:'  5!f5  notwithstanding,  although,  though. 

'p  ""B  b^  SX  nevertheless,  a  Hebraism. 

"  or  b  (§31)  so  that,  that,  in  order  that;  for,  since. 

iJ^n^  for,  because. 

^'Zbl  lest,  perhaps. 

iiTi  then,  of  course,  for  sooth;  but,  is  not  it!  this  means  to 
say;  but.     Often  Hril , 

"l  b^U^in  since,  because,  a  Hebraism. 

f,3b-^n,  TiSbn,  -Sb^n  (Col.  MSS.)  therefore  (=1]5+b  +  !J<^M . 

i<r;/or  k^n)V  " 

5<ricn  ■-"  is  that  so  now?  ivell! 

T    :    -        •   T 

J^Fi'I'm  since,  ivhen,  if,     ^p  JJ^ri'lH  ,  see  ^3  and  ^3^i< . 

-^  and,  but.    Often  introducing  a  question:  but,  is  it  indeed  so? 

There  are  also  traces  of  the  1  consecutive.  Cf,  e.  g.,  "n^tDE^S" 
a7id  let  her  be  freed,  Yeb.  19  a. 

3  is  used  in  peculiar  way  with  ^^nc  is  of  opinion,  ""'^'l-Ca  , 
""ZC3,  without  having  any  apparent  force." 

■is  when,  (=1  +  3). 

^3 ,  ""S ,  "p ,  a  postpositive  particle  having  the  force  of  %3'i5 
and  of  ^i-^5<.'"  M,  MS.,  Sabb.  4a  TrT\r^  ^3  "IS^pb  ^3^^^  !J<bl  (in'd 
he  did  not  recollect  whom  they  had  allowed.    Qidd.  48  «  IH  "^"I-, 

'  Xb  ■'X.  HG.  406;  X^X  or  jio<  (=sb  +  IS)  HG.  456.  On  tho  chanfo  of  o  to  e  cf. 
Haupt, 'l£,r.,22. 

2  For  its  etymology  see  Jastrow's  Diction,  s.  v. 

3  On  this  word  soo  R.  Duval,  liP:.!.  IV.,  26S-2T.'^:  M.  Lambert,  ibid.  IX.,  -W  :;()1  :  >f. 
Jastrow,  iV.K/.  XL,  157-l.-,8;  Hal6vy,  171111112.  !••   S3  • 

*In  lator  litoraturo  wo  finfl  the  Persian  QH  uscii  for  ?,S?  in  tlio  i)liraso  ippi  ZH  •  '/• 
Tfr'.,  cil.  Harkavy,  Index,  s.  v.,  and  Lettir  of  Sam.  hn-Nruful  SIU  13:'1S5  II.  68,  "^Dncn. 
read :  "^DH  "H  •  The  word  is  also  found  in  Noo-Syriac ;  cf.  Sacbau,  op.  cit.,  p.  38,  Maclean, 
op.  cit.,  16L 

•  Soo  on  this  3  :  Goigor,  Lehrbuch  zur  Sprache  der  Mishna,  §  23,  2;  and  Sachau,  Ski:ze, 

etc..  p.  45. 


§184]  CONJUNCTIONS  57 

read:  ^3  ^i^'2^  tchereivith  then,  etc.?  Id.  M.  MS.,  Taan.  7  6,  H. 
MS.,  B.  M.  67  h.  MS.  Vat.  117,  B.  M.  67  b  ^'D  "H  how  ihcn?  M. 
MS.,  R.  R.  29  o  Jl3  "i^p  icho  then?  B.  B.  lOa'-p  J^n'in,  /6/r/. 
M.  MS.  ^p  J^nirn,  /6/('/.  H.  and  R.  MSS.  ^D  ^T\tT\ .  B.'b.  Ilia 
^5  U^n cn  ;  M.  Q.  26  a,  eds.  id.  and  frequent  in  MSb\  Cf.  Ethiopic 
ka,   ke.' 

^3  (shortened  from  ^"3 ,  or  .  .  .  13)  if,  when.     B.  Q.  846,  a.  e. 
«b  I5<b  ^3  if  not,  not. 

T  T  •  *'  ' 

-^  "^^-n  ^3,  p'n-3  {TF.Q)  so  that,  in  order  that.—  'T-  ^3 
Kb-  lest'       *    ■■     ' 

T  : 

-^  -rS  ,   (-n  73  M.  MS.,  B.  M.  39  a)  as  soon  as,  after,  since.' 

"ImXI^  since. 

lit'J  (13+*lP)  in  case,  since,  supposing. 

"T2  from  the  fact  that,  since. 

J^n^'p  ,  ^rr^'J  ,  inn^'J  ,  hut,  yet,  however,  nevertheless.* 

553*2  hence,  it  then  follows. 

"1  '^52p"J  before  that,  ere. 

^^D  rt7so,  /oo,  ere??,  frequently  preceded  by  qS  ,  q.  v.' 

§  183.  ii^  and  ^^5  are  often  interchangeable  so  that,  for 
instance,  we  may  have  iii  .  .  .  ij^,  ^5<  .  .  .  "X,  ij<  .  .  .  ^^^,  ^^^ .  .  .  ix, 
promiscuously.  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  2a  a.  e.,  has  tTVyy^  for  the  usual 
n73l^>^;  i&^  if  id.,  ibid.  46,  5a;  5<rj^  ivS-q  id.',  ibid.  5  6. 

§  184.  ^l!|5  is  frequently  contracted  with  the  following  word. 
This  is  especially  the  case  with  some  standing  expressions;  as 
TT^;^-^,  ^'T'i-^,  ^^T:^-^,  ^'TXT)^.  Col.  MS.,  Zeb.  226,  a.  e., 
^31-;"  for  ^3n  ^j<.'    " 

1  In  later  literature:  '^nD'^i^lD  ''S?'a ,  road:  Tlin'^i?  ^S  IKIS  MV.  5;  ?13  IJ^lS  Letter 
o/S«m.  ;ia-JVa3irf,  3"lt3  "ISIK  n.,  p.  65.  -t    -  . 

2  In  later  literature:  -^  Spifi  l^  H(?.,63;  -q  -jl^nn  13  ,  ibid.  24,  33;  -"I  ^D^HS  , 
i^id.  73;  'yO'^T\  13  ,  'Anan,  quoted  by  Harkavy,  MWJ.,  1893,"p.  226.  "    "  ' 

3  -'^  "JJ^S  ,  A/V.  n. 

*  SJ'ini'a  ,  or  Sini'a  ,  no.  473,  533.  TLb  word  is  a  compound  of  the  interrogative  1)3 
and  Kin  ,  nin  ;  cf.  Jastrow,  s.  v. 

T    -5  T    -t 

-■  According  to  Dalman,  Gram.,  p.  191,  note  2,  1"a2  is  the  first  pers.  sing.  perf.  of  C13  to 

speak.    The  word  is  perhaps  connected  with 'Omanee  Arabic  X-5^   also,   or  with     1^    to 
increase.  '-'  (^' 

6  For  suggestions  about  the  etymologies  of  some  of  the  adverbs,  propositions  and  con- 
junctions, cf.  Jastrow's  Dictionary;  Geigor's  JUd.  Zeitschr.  VIII.,  180-90;  Luzzatto's  Gram- 
mar, and  Liebermann's  pamphlet  mentioned  in  the  Preface. 


58  III.     MORPHOLOGY  [§1^5 


INTERJECTIONS. 

§185.  "i^,  "H.   iroc!  alas!  oh! 

'Hi,  0.'  =  Arabic  Lj  .'  ^D''T\'^  "p'n'i;  "S  come  now,  keep  quiet! 
Qidd.  lOh.  This  particle  is  more  frequent  in  Palestinean  Ara- 
maic.    !}<''TI  "lT»li<  go  on!  make  haste!  hurry  up!  quick!  lively!' 

"\ ,  ^"1 ,  m  ,  ivoe!  oh!  alas! 

iX'i  ^s'^  .  m  frl,  the  camel-driver's  call.  U^n  £<n,  ^H  "liTi,  "  '^T] , 
(V.  L.  Pes.  1126),  ^5^n  (Col.  MS.,  ibid.)  the  ox-driver's  cries. 
S"  S7 .  riT  mT  ,  J}<TT  (V.  L.  ibid.)  a  cry  to  frighten  away  a  lion. 

!!<"=^ri .  are  given  in  Pes.  112  6  (c/.  VL.)  as  sailor's  cries.^  Cf. 
Syr.  c^^  cii*5i  . 

~"C  "'13  an  onomatopoetic  word  imitating  the  dripping  of 
water. 

■""5  rery  well!  all  right!  The  word  is  connected  with 
Ethiopic  lahaia  to   be  beautiful.     Cf.  Jastrow,  s.  v. 

o'"p  "JJ'^p ,  1IJ''3  IC"'3 ,  ding-dong;  an  onomatopoetic  word. 

~^ri  Tj^Fi  an  imitation  of  bubbling  water. 

^186.  i<"  i<'n  /  JJ^n  JJ^n  ,  H7  !!<7 ,  and  their  variants  are  evidently 
demonstrative  pronouns,  and  their  use  as  a  means  of  urging  on 
animals  and  warding  off  wild  beasts  is  probably  based  on  some 
superstitious   notion  no   more   apparent.      Cf,   however,    Arabic 

1  For  the  oxiilanation  of  this  particle  I  am  indebted  to  Professor  Haupt,  who  remarks  : 
"The  "^iJ  in  1p''PtD  "^X  is  perhaps  a  cohortativo  particle,  cf.  Assyr.  I,  e.g.,\  gl  "'XS  "^N 
come  out,  i  rid  "II  "^X  j/o  down,  etc.  Cf.  Dolitzsch,  Assyr.  Wb.,  p.  2S&,  No.  160;  Prol.,  135; 
ZK..  II.,  389;  ZA.,  I.,  .")1 :  Assyr.  Gramm.,  SH-'j-  It  is  possible  that  the  "'it  in  expressions 
like  i^l  ■'S  O  Rahbi,  Qbiy^TD  niilTC  "'X .  is  the  same  particle.  It  is  certainly  not  i,  eia. 
It  may  be  connected  with  the  Arabic  vocative  particle  L?  •  Also  in  Assyrian  I  is  used  as  a 
vocative  particle  like  "^^l  ''S? .  p-O-.  1  boll;  cf.  Hilprocht,  Assyrinca,\9>9\,  p.  .")2."  From 
Saadya's  commentary  on  the  HT^S^  0  (ed.  Lamlwrt,  p.  4.j)  we  see  that  at  his  time  the 
.Vrabic  form  J?"^  was  in  use,  just  as  in  modern  Syriac.  For  its  use  in  later  Hebrew,  cf. 
DerenboiirK.  Manru-l  du  Lccteur,  i).  189  (497)  and  Epstein,  'EldCid  ha-D&nX,  p.  .58,  cf.  also 
l-^X  en  a  Babylonian  mapic  bowl,  PSIiA.  XII.,  311. 

■'K'^TI  occurs  also  in  Noo-Syriac,  Arabic  and  Kurdish  (Lidzbarski,  DLZ.,  1896,  Col 
583)  ami  has  nothing  to  ilo  witli   X"^!!  '"  ''i'*". 

3  Perles,  MM'GJ.  XXXVII.,  10,  finds  in  some  of  these  words  the  names  of  ships. 

'  n-X^  ,  M.  v.,  328. 


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